{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:16:19Z","timestamp":1790986579098,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Type I GnRH (GnRH-I, GNRH1) and type II GnRH (GnRH-II, GNRH2), each encoded by separate genes, have been identified in humans. The tissue distribution and functional regulation of GnRH-I and GnRH-II clearly differ despite their comparable cDNA and genomic structures. These hormones exert their effects by binding to cell surface transmembrane G protein coupled receptors and stimulating the Gq\/11 subfamily of G proteins. The hypothalamus and pituitary are the main origin and target sites of GnRH, but numerous studies have demonstrated that extra-hypothalamic GnRH and extra-pituitary GnRH receptors exist in different reproductive tissues such as the ovary, endometrium, placenta, and endometrial cancer cells. In addition to endocrine regulation, GnRH is also known to act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to suppress cell proliferation and activate apoptosis in the endometrium and endometrial cancer cells through several mechanisms. Both GnRH-I and GnRH-II exhibit regulatory roles in tissue remodelling during embryo implantation and placentation, which suggests that these hormones may have important roles in embryo implantation and early pregnancy. The presence of varied GnRH and GnRH receptor systems demonstrate their different roles in distinct tissues using dissimilar mechanisms. These may result in the generation of new GnRH analogues used for several hormone-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-08-0397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,11]],"date-time":"2009-02-11T11:30:32Z","timestamp":1234351832000},"page":"769-777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["GnRH signaling in intrauterine tissues"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Hsien-Ming","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H3V5 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333 3Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Shih","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H3V5 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333 3Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Yuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H3V5 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333 3Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung-Kuei","family":"Soong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H3V5 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333 3Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin D","family":"MacCalman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H3V5 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333 3Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter C K","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H3V5 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333 3Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ROC 333"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2003.08.008","article-title":"Prolonged use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and tibolone as add-back therapy for the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia","volume":"48","author":"Agorastos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.101.002808","article-title":"Type II gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor transcripts in human sperm","volume":"67","author":"van Biljon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del423","article-title":"Effect of GnRH analogues on apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and FasL proteins in endometrial epithelial cell cultures from patients with endometriosis and controls","volume":"22","author":"Bilotas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00453-8","article-title":"The \u2018magic tail\u2019 of G protein-coupled receptors: an anchorage for functional protein networks","volume":"546","author":"Bockaert","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib5","first-page":"753","article-title":"17 beta-Estradiol overcomes a G1 block induced by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and fosters cell cycle progression without inducing ERK-1 and -2 MAP kinases activation","volume":"12","author":"Bonapace","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00199-9","article-title":"Expression of GnRH receptor gene in human ectopic endometrial cells and inhibition of their proliferation by leuprolide acetate","volume":"159","author":"Borroni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.5.8.2685","article-title":"p38 MAPK in development and cancer","volume":"5","author":"Bradham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37522-1","article-title":"Coupling of the alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor to multiple G-proteins. A simple approach for estimating receptor-G-protein coupling efficiency in a transient expression system","volume":"269","author":"Chabre","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0039","article-title":"Molecular biology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-I, GnRH-II, and their receptors in humans","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/7.5.447","article-title":"Expression of the second isoform of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH-II) in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle","volume":"7","author":"Cheon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10902","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2217","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone promotes ovarian cancer cell invasiveness through c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9","volume":"66","author":"Cheung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021955","article-title":"Differential effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone I and II on the urokinase-type plasminogen activator\/plasminogen activator inhibitor system in human decidual stromal cells in vitro","volume":"88","author":"Chou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.45.1.391","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its analogs","volume":"45","author":"Conn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annual Review of Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.5.0464","article-title":"Identification of Phe313 of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor as a site critical for the binding of nonpeptide GnRH antagonists","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/4.9.893","article-title":"Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) gene in human uterine endometrial tissue","volume":"4","author":"Dong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Molecular Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.4.5870","article-title":"Estrogen-induced c-fos protooncogene expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: role of estrogen receptor Sp1 complex formation","volume":"139","author":"Duan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib17","first-page":"1223","article-title":"GnRH-II agonist [d-Lys6]GnRH-II inhibits the EGF-induced mitogenic signal transduction in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells","volume":"29","author":"Eicke","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Oncology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138714","article-title":"The use of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists and antagonists in gynaecological cancers","volume":"9","author":"Emons","year":"1994","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8545(05)70302-8","article-title":"Epidemiology of endometriosis","volume":"24","author":"Eskenazi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib20","volume-title":"Gonadotropin Secretion and its Control","author":"Fink","year":"1988"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-3222","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone type II antagonists induce apoptotic cell death in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Fister","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib22","first-page":"349","article-title":"Intratumoral level of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovarian and endometrial cancers","volume":"9","author":"Furui","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncology Reports"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi045","article-title":"GnRH agonist for triggering final oocyte maturation in the GnRH antagonist ovarian hyperstimulation protocol: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Griesinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1450651","article-title":"Protein kinase C-independent stimulation of activator protein-1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity in human endometrial cancer cells by the LHRH agonist triptorelin","volume":"145","author":"Grundker","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.6.8190","article-title":"Antiproliferative signaling of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells through G protein alpha(I)-mediated activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase","volume":"142","author":"Grundker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.3.8437","article-title":"Expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone II (GnRH-II) receptor in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells and effects of GnRH-II on tumor cell proliferation","volume":"87","author":"Grundker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460001","article-title":"Biology of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system in gynecological cancers","volume":"146","author":"Grundker","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510619","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist triptorelin inhibits estradiol-induced serum response element (SRE) activation and c-fos expression in human endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer cells","volume":"151","author":"Grundker","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-2-4-437","article-title":"Extrapituitary actions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"2","author":"Hsueh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4580","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2001-011968","article-title":"Fas and its ligand, caspases, and bcl-2 expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-treated uterine leiomyoma","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1994.1264","article-title":"Presence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor and its messenger ribonucleic acid in endometrial carcinoma and endometrium","volume":"55","author":"Imai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib32","first-page":"3249","article-title":"Coupling of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor to Gi protein in human reproductive tract tumors","volume":"81","author":"Imai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib33","first-page":"427","article-title":"Evidence for tight coupling of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor to stimulated Fas ligand expression in reproductive tract tumors: possible mechanism for hormonal control of apoptotic cell death","volume":"83","author":"Imai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/7.1.3","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of GnRH-I and GnRH-II on HCG synthesis and secretion by first trimester trophoblast","volume":"7","author":"Islami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1996.0276","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analog treatment for recurrent endometrial cancer","volume":"63","author":"Jeyarajah","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072682","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 protein kinases","volume":"298","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:13:3:297","article-title":"Autocrine role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor in ovarian cancer cell growth","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-0674(94)90035-3","article-title":"Signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus through the phosphorylation of transcription factors","volume":"6","author":"Karin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Cell Biology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1996.0135","article-title":"Characterization of two new preproGnRH mRNAs in the tree shrew: first direct evidence for mesencephalic GnRH gene expression in a placental mammal","volume":"104","author":"Kasten","year":"1996","journal-title":"General and Comparative Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.1.01033","article-title":"Mechanism of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-I and -II-induced cell growth inhibition in ovarian cancer cells: role of the GnRH-I receptor and protein kinase C pathway","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib41","first-page":"5133","article-title":"Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase\/extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced growth inhibition of a human ovarian cancer cell line","volume":"59","author":"Kimura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(98)00023-0","article-title":"c-Fos as a transcription factor: a stressful (re)view from a functional map","volume":"33","author":"Kovacs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurochemistry International"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-88-470-2186-0_7","article-title":"Treatment of endometrial cancer with GnRH analogs","volume":"124","author":"Kullander","year":"1992","journal-title":"Recent Results in Cancer Research"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1139\/y02-045","article-title":"Activation and targeting of mitogen-activated protein kinases by G-protein-coupled receptors","volume":"80","author":"Luttrell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg356","article-title":"Effect of GnRH analogues on apoptosis and release of interleukin-1beta and vascular endothelial growth factor in endometrial cell cultures from patients with endometriosis","volume":"18","author":"Meresman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00016-4","article-title":"GnRH II and type II GnRH receptors","volume":"14","author":"Millar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib47","first-page":"748","article-title":"Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone \u2013 diversity of functions and clinical applications","volume":"72","author":"Millar","year":"1987","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1258\/0007142001903346","article-title":"Progress towards the development of non-peptide orally-active gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists: therapeutic implications","volume":"56","author":"Millar","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0002","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors","volume":"25","author":"Millar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30235-4","article-title":"Clinical applications of gonadotropin-releasing hormones in reproductive disorders","volume":"21","author":"Moghissi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6331","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0197","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor levels and cell context affect tumor cell responses to agonist in vitro and in vivo","volume":"68","author":"Morgan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei192","article-title":"GnRH II as a possible cytostatic regulator in the development of endometriosis","volume":"20","author":"Morimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14182","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.19.14182","article-title":"Divergent signaling pathways requiring discrete calcium signals mediate concurrent activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"275","author":"Mulvaney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3310893","article-title":"Alanine-261 in intracellular loop III of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor is crucial for G-protein coupling and receptor internalization","volume":"331","author":"Myburgh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochemistry Journal"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31593","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304273200","article-title":"Constitutive localization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor to low density membrane microdomains is necessary for GnRH signaling to ERK","volume":"278","author":"Navratil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4678","article-title":"A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor specific for GnRH II in primates","volume":"282","author":"Neill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071601","article-title":"Deciphering the cross-talk of implantation: advances and challenges","volume":"296","author":"Paria","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib58","first-page":"74","article-title":"Global cancer statistics, 2002","volume":"55","author":"Parkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-124-2-798","article-title":"The gonadotropin-releasing hormone pituitary receptor interacts with a guanosine triphosphate-binding protein: differential effects of guanyl nucleotides on agonist and antagonist binding","volume":"124","author":"Perrin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1677\/erc.0.0070073","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and chemoprevention of female cancers","volume":"7","author":"Pike","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrine-Related Cancer"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-4-3-476","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene in the hypothalamus and placenta","volume":"4","author":"Radovick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod59.3.661","article-title":"Quantitative gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene expression and immunohistochemical localization in human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle","volume":"59","author":"Raga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib63","first-page":"636","article-title":"Independent regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-3 in human endometrial stromal cells by gonadotropin-releasing hormone: implications in early human implantation","volume":"84","author":"Raga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2000.5865","article-title":"A phase II trial of anastrozole in advanced recurrent or persistent endometrial carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study","volume":"78","author":"Rose","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208783200","article-title":"Dependence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced neuronal MAPK signaling on epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation","volume":"278","author":"Shah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib66","first-page":"1841","article-title":"Detection and partial characterization of receptors for [d-Trp6]-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and epidermal growth factor in human endometrial carcinoma","volume":"50","author":"Srkalovic","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod59.3.579","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor couples to multiple G proteins in rat gonadotrophs and in GGH3 cells: evidence from palmitoylation and overexpression of G proteins","volume":"59","author":"Stanislaus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8082","article-title":"Regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression and progesterone production in endometriotic stromal cells","volume":"86","author":"Tsai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.119633","article-title":"Expression of receptors for luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in human ovarian and endometrial cancers: frequency, autoregulation, and correlation with direct antiproliferative activity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues","volume":"186","author":"Volker","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460447","article-title":"Down-regulation of proliferation and up-regulation of apoptosis by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in cultured uterine leiomyoma cells","volume":"146","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2007.02.001","article-title":"The JNK signal transduction pathway","volume":"19","author":"Weston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Cell Biology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.1.305","article-title":"Second gene for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in humans","volume":"95","author":"White","year":"1998","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2003.10.040","article-title":"Tamoxifen-associated malignant endometrial tumors: pathologic features and expression of hormone receptors estrogen-alpha, estrogen-beta and progesterone; a case controlled study","volume":"92","author":"Wilder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncology"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01560732","article-title":"Human luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone gene (LHRH) is located on short arm of chromosome 8 (region 8p11.2\u2013p21)","volume":"12","author":"Yang-Feng","year":"1986","journal-title":"Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712483694300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000191298","article-title":"Effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs on the rat ovarian follicle development","volume":"48","author":"Yano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hormone Research"}],"container-title":["Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/rep\/137\/5\/769.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/137\/5\/769\/64529044\/769.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/137\/5\/769\/64529044\/769.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T17:50:22Z","timestamp":1767808222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article\/137\/5\/769\/8242965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-08-0397","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-1626","1741-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]}}}