{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:09:00Z","timestamp":1790431740237,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small proteins produced by epithelial surfaces and inflammatory cells, which have broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. They are known to be important in a number of infectious and inflammatory conditions and have been shown to be present in a number of sites throughout the female reproductive tract. Inflammation and infection are associated with a number of complications of pregnancy including preterm labor, and AMPs may play a key role in maintaining and protecting pregnancy. The aim of this review is to describe the expression and function of AMPs in the pregnant female reproductive tract and their relation to preterm labor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-10-0537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,7]],"date-time":"2011-04-07T23:04:22Z","timestamp":1302217462000},"page":"725-735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Antimicrobial peptides and pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Frew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115255","article-title":"Expression of the secretory leukoprotease inhibitor gene in epithelial-cells","volume":"87","author":"Abe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31726","article-title":"Psychological stress downregulates epidermal antimicrobial peptide expression and increases severity of cutaneous infections in mice","volume":"117","author":"Aberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.05.002","article-title":"Host defense proteins in vernix caseosa and amniotic fluid","volume":"191","author":"Akinbi","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq411","article-title":"Measurement methods and accuracy in copy number variation: failure to replicate associations of beta-defensin copy number with Crohn's disease","volume":"19","author":"Aldhous","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1160\/TH03-07-0446","article-title":"Aberrant mucosal wound repair in the absence of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor","volume":"92","author":"Angelov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thrombosis and Haemostasis"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/80489","article-title":"Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor mediates non-redundant functions necessary for normal wound healing","volume":"6","author":"Ashcroft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib7","first-page":"862","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis, vaginal fluid neutrophil defensins, and preterm birth","volume":"101","author":"Balu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.062554","article-title":"The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity","volume":"88","author":"Beck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib117","first-page":"57","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides in lung inflammation","volume":"86","author":"Beisswenger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chemical Immunology Allergy"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02505235","article-title":"Expression of SKALP\/elafin during wound healing in human skin","volume":"288","author":"vanBergen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatological Research"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.25.1.4341","article-title":"Cytokine-mediated induction of the human elafin gene in pulmonary epithelial cells is regulated by nuclear factor-kappa B","volume":"25","author":"Bingle","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17108.x","article-title":"The serine-protease inhibitor of cartilage matrix is not a chondrocytic gene-product","volume":"207","author":"Bohm","year":"1992","journal-title":"European Journal of Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42845-1","article-title":"The proteinase \u2013 mucus proteinase-inhibitor binding stoichiometry","volume":"267","author":"Boudier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-009-0057-2","article-title":"Cathelicidin LL-37: a multitask antimicrobial peptide","volume":"58","author":"Bucki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.03.081","article-title":"The novel antimicrobal peptide beta 3-defensin is produced by the amnion: a possible role of the fetal membranes in innate immunity of the amniotic cavity","volume":"191","author":"Buhimschi","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00340.x","article-title":"Proteomic biomarker analysis of amniotic fluid for identification of intra-amniotic inflammation","volume":"112","author":"Buhimschi","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2005.03.014","article-title":"Synergistic effect of antibacterial agents human beta-defensins, cathelicidin LL-37 and lysozyme against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Dermatological Science"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-7-49","article-title":"Identification of novel functional sequence variants in the gene for peptidase inhibitor 3","volume":"7","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Medical Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612033454667","article-title":"Minidefensins: antimicrobial peptides with activity against HIV-1","volume":"9","author":"Cole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Pharmaceutical Design"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050208","article-title":"Tissue injury in neutrophilic inflammation","volume":"46","author":"Dallegri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Inflammation Research"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1610299","article-title":"Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor concentration increases in amniotic fluid with the onset of labour in women: characterization of sites of release within the uterus","volume":"161","author":"Denison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.3.1829","article-title":"Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides block dendritic cell TLR4 activation and allergic contact sensitization","volume":"178","author":"Di Nardo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0609382","article-title":"Human defensins and LL-37 in mucosal immunity","volume":"87","author":"Doss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007","article-title":"Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery","volume":"342","author":"Epstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh775","article-title":"Characterization of Toll-like receptors in the female reproductive tract in humans","volume":"20","author":"Fazeli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1086\/505915","article-title":"A chromosome 8 gene-cluster polymorphism with low human beta-defensin 2 gene copy number predisposes to Crohn disease of the colon","volume":"79","author":"Fellermann","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib26","first-page":"217","article-title":"The human beta-defensins expression in female genital tract and pregnancy-related tissues","volume":"34","author":"Feng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0086n.x","article-title":"Biochemical and antibacterial analysis of human wound and blister fluid","volume":"237","author":"Frohm","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal of Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmec.2008.04.009","article-title":"Innate barriers against skin infection and associated disorders","volume":"5","author":"Gallo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/43.2.300","article-title":"The role of antimicrobial peptides in innate immunity","volume":"43","author":"Ganz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Integrative and Comparative Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100433","article-title":"Identification of a novel, multifunctional beta-defensin (human beta-defensin 3) with specific antimicrobial activity \u2013 its interaction with plasma membranes of Xenopus oocytes and the induction of macrophage chemoattraction","volume":"306","author":"Garcia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell and Tissue Research"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0865fje","article-title":"Human beta-defensin 4: a novel inducible peptide with a specific salt-sensitive spectrum of antimicrobial activity","volume":"15","author":"Garcia","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011366","article-title":"Anti-HIV activity in cervical\u2013vaginal secretions from HIV-positive and -negative women correlate with innate antimicrobial levels and IgG antibodies","volume":"5","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03165.x","article-title":"Trappin-2\/elafin: a novel innate anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 molecule of the human female reproductive tract","volume":"129","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2003.009","article-title":"Early markers of late-onset sepsis in premature neonates: clinical, hematological and cytokine profile","volume":"31","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatal Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11000.x","article-title":"Role of membranes in the activities of antimicrobial cationic peptides","volume":"206","author":"Hancock","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Letters"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123034","article-title":"Antimicrobial factors in the cervical mucus plug","volume":"187","author":"Hein","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1086\/514691","article-title":"Amniotic fluid defensins: potential markers of subclinical intrauterine infection","volume":"27","author":"Heine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(94)02023-8","article-title":"Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in the cervical-mucus and in the fetal membranes","volume":"59","author":"Helmig","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.12.4.237.246","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in prelabor rupture of membranes, parturition and intra-amniotic infection","volume":"12","author":"Helmig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-5751-4-9","article-title":"Beta-defensin genomic copy number is not a modifier locus for cystic fibrosis","volume":"4","author":"Hollox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-07-0564","article-title":"Innate immunity and disorders of the female reproductive tract","volume":"135","author":"Horne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00056-05","article-title":"Peptide antimicrobial agents","volume":"19","author":"Jenssen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(00)00569-2","article-title":"Discovery of new human beta-defensins using a genomics-based approach","volume":"263","author":"Jia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81880-2","article-title":"Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor: a macrophage product induced by and antagonistic to bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"88","author":"Jin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8205","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008205","article-title":"Differing prevalence and diversity of bacterial species in fetal membranes from very preterm and term labor","volume":"4","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00965.x","article-title":"HIV-1 infection in the female reproductive tract: role of interactions between HIV-1 and genital epithelial cells","volume":"65","author":"Kaushic","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.17.3.2212","article-title":"Cis-acting region associated with lung cell-specific expression of the secretory leukoprotease inhibitor gene","volume":"17","author":"Kikuchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/6.2.191","article-title":"Presence of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in human endometrium and first trimester decidua suggests an antibacterial protective role","volume":"6","author":"King","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecular Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4426","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030239","article-title":"Elafin in human endometrium: an antiprotease and antimicrobial molecule expressed during menstruation","volume":"88","author":"King","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(02)00083-9","article-title":"Differential expression of the natural antimicrobials, beta-defensins 3 and 4, in human endometrium","volume":"59","author":"King","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Reproductive Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.06.002","article-title":"Innate immune defences in the human uterus during pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.01.006","article-title":"Expression of natural antimicrobials by human placenta and fetal membranes","volume":"28","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1860","article-title":"Defensins in innate antiviral immunity","volume":"6","author":"Klotman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.12.003","article-title":"AMPed up immunity: how antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense","volume":"30","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro976","article-title":"Primate defensins","volume":"2","author":"Lehrer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Microbiology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01726.x","article-title":"Maternal plasma level of antimicrobial peptide LL37 is a major determinant factor of neonatal plasma LL37 level","volume":"99","author":"Mandic Havelka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.05014.x","article-title":"The newborn infant is protected by an innate antimicrobial barrier: peptide antibiotics are present in the skin and vernix caseosa","volume":"147","author":"Marchini","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117331","article-title":"Modulation of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor gene-expression in human bronchial epithelial-cells by phorbol eater","volume":"94","author":"Maruyama","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00197-2","article-title":"Why and how are peptide\u2013lipid interactions utilized for self-defense? Magainins and tachyplesins as archetypes.","volume":"1462","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0250OC","article-title":"The antimicrobial antiproteinase elafin binds to lipopolysaccharide and modulates macrophage responses","volume":"32","author":"McMichael","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3070","article-title":"Postsecretory processing generates multiple cathelicidins for enhanced topical antimicrobial defense","volume":"172","author":"Murakami","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124357","article-title":"Elastase inhibitor elafin is a new-type of proteinase-inhibitor which has a transglutaminase-mediated anchoring sequence termed cementoin","volume":"115","author":"Nara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.suppl_2.ii17","article-title":"Roles of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"62","author":"Oppenheim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118926","article-title":"Constitutive and inducible expression of SKALP\/elafin provides anti-elastase defense in human epithelia","volume":"98","author":"Pfundt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050475","article-title":"TNF-alpha and serum induce SKALP\/elafin gene expression in human keratinocytes by a p38 MAP kinase-dependent pathway","volume":"292","author":"Pfundt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Dermatological Research"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.09.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: premises and promises","volume":"24","author":"Reddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V70.3.757.757","article-title":"Defensin-rich dense granules of human-neutrophils","volume":"70","author":"Rice","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1668S","article-title":"Micronutrients and intrauterine infection, preterm birth and the fetal inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"133","author":"Romero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.05.001","article-title":"Inflammation in preterm and term labour and delivery","volume":"11","author":"Romero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361e361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.05.026","article-title":"A genetic association study of maternal and fetal candidate genes that predispose to preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM)","volume":"203","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M504327200","article-title":"Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) neutralization by innate immunity host-defense peptides \u2013 peptide properties and plausible modes of action","volume":"281","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0095RT","article-title":"Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor and elafin\/trappin-2: versatile mucosal antimicrobials and regulators of immunity","volume":"42","author":"Sallenave","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory, Cell and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb\/8.4.439","article-title":"Characterization and gene sequence of the precursor of Elafin, an elastase-specific inhibitor in bronchial-secretions","volume":"8","author":"Sallenave","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.11.6.7946401","article-title":"Regulation of secretory leukocyte proteinase-inhibitor (Slpi) and elastase-specific inhibitor (Esi\/Elafin) in human airway epithelial-cells by cytokines and neutrophilic enzymes","volume":"11","author":"Sallenave","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.61.6.695","article-title":"Secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor is a major leukocyte elastase inhibitor in human neutrophils","volume":"61","author":"Sallenave","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3400569","article-title":"The trappin gene family: proteins defined by an N-terminal transglutaminase substrate domain and a C-terminal four-disulphide core","volume":"340","author":"Schalkwijk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.200110-020","article-title":"Increased levels of antimicrobial peptides in tracheal aspirates of newborn infants during infection","volume":"165","author":"Schaller-Bals","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2002.19010.x","article-title":"Genomics-based approaches to gene discovery in innate immunity","volume":"190","author":"Scheetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunological Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.042692699","article-title":"Discovery of five conserved beta-defensin gene clusters using a computational search strategy","volume":"99","author":"Schutte","year":"2002","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(86)81220-0","article-title":"The acid-stable proteinase-inhibitor of human mucous secretions (Husi-I, antileukoprotease) \u2013 complete amino-acid-sequence as revealed by protein and Cdna sequencing and structural homology to whey proteins and red-sea turtle proteinase-inhibitor","volume":"199","author":"Seemuller","year":"1986","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.118.4.929","article-title":"Enteric defensins \u2013 antibiotic peptide components of intestinal host defense","volume":"118","author":"Selsted","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00200-X","article-title":"Mechanism of the binding, insertion and destabilization of phospholipid bilayer membranes by alpha-helical antimicrobial and cell non-selective membrane-lytic peptides","volume":"1462","author":"Shai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2007.00759.x","article-title":"Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth in women at risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Simcox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1089\/104303401750298553","article-title":"Regulation of adenovirus-mediated elafin transgene expression by bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"12","author":"Simpson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Gene Therapy"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2006.00381.x","article-title":"Effect of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists on TLR and microbicide expression in uterine and vaginal tissues of the mouse","volume":"55","author":"Soboll","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib86","first-page":"1","article-title":"The human cathelicidin hCAP-18","volume":"52","author":"Sorensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Danish Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050601036212","article-title":"Human beta-defensin-2: a natural antimicrobial peptide present in amniotic fluid participates in the host response to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity","volume":"20","author":"Soto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1608","article-title":"Expression and activity of beta-defensins and LL-37 in the developing human lung","volume":"174","author":"Starner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255e251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.10.908","article-title":"Natural antimicrobial production by the amnion","volume":"196","author":"Stock","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719109341998","article-title":"Elafin (SKALP\/Trappin-2\/proteinase inhibitor-3) is produced by the cervix in pregnancy and cervicovaginal levels are diminished in bacterial vaginosis","volume":"16","author":"Stock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reproductive Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00511.x","article-title":"Detection of human defensins in the placenta","volume":"38","author":"Svinarich","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70517-9","article-title":"Detection of human defensin 5 in reproductive tissues","volume":"176","author":"Svinarich","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.498","article-title":"A cyclic antimicrobial peptide produced in primate leukocytes by the ligation of two truncated alpha-defensins","volume":"286","author":"Tang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0410OC","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of peptidase inhibitor 3 (Elafin) are associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Tejera","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6692","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.18.6692","article-title":"Isolation, properties, and complete amino-acid-sequence of human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, a potent inhibitor of leukocyte elastase","volume":"83","author":"Thompson","year":"1986","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5260-7","article-title":"Vernix caseosa as a multi-component defence system based on polypeptides, lipids and their interactions","volume":"62","author":"Tollin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.2.582","article-title":"Inhibition of human neutrophil elastase-induced acute lung injury in hamsters by recombinant human pre-elafin (trappin-2)","volume":"121","author":"Tremblay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.010","article-title":"Genome-wide expression profiling of fetal membranes reveals a deficient expression of proteinase inhibitor 3 in premature rupture of membranes","volume":"191","author":"Tromp","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.1.154","article-title":"NF-kappa B-mediated transcriptional regulation of human beta-defensin-2 gene following lipopolysaccharide stimulation","volume":"71","author":"Tsutsumi-Ishii","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1861","article-title":"Human beta-defensin-1: an antimicrobial peptide of urogenital tissues","volume":"101","author":"Valore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.125280","article-title":"Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid","volume":"187","author":"Valore","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00524-06","article-title":"Reversible deficiency of antimicrobial polypeptides in bacterial vaginosis","volume":"74","author":"Valore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000095","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000095","article-title":"Reawakening retrocyclins: ancestral human defensins active against HIV-1","volume":"7","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.1999.063","article-title":"Identification of SLPI (secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor) in human mast cells using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation","volume":"380","author":"Westin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080746","article-title":"Trappin-2 promotes early clearance of pseudomonas aeruginosa through CD14-dependent macrophage activation and neutrophil recruitment","volume":"174","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20050115","article-title":"SLPI and elafin: one glove, many fingers","volume":"110","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Science"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00425.x","article-title":"Induction of SLPI (ALP\/HUSI-I) in epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"111","author":"Wingens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Investigative Dermatology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e318184209b","article-title":"Midpregnancy vaginal fluid defensins, bacterial vaginosis, and risk of preterm delivery","volume":"112","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.5.2516","article-title":"Identification of multiple novel epididymis-specific beta-defensin isoforms in humans and mice","volume":"169","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(00)76448-4","article-title":"Crystallization of antimicrobial pores in membranes: magainin and protegrin","volume":"79","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biophysical Journal"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200302000-00003","article-title":"Antimicrobial polypeptides of human vernix caseosa and amniotic fluid: implications for newborn innate defense","volume":"53","author":"Yoshio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe020106","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides in health and disease","volume":"347","author":"Zasloff","year":"2002","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib113","first-page":"2537","article-title":"Differential expression of Elafin in human normal mammary epithelial-cells and carcinomas is regulated at the transcriptional level","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/7.6.573","article-title":"Production of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor by human amniotic membranes and regulation of its concentration in amniotic fluid","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Molecular Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712545669000_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13663","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00041a048","article-title":"Solution structure of bovine neutrophil beta-defensin-12 - the peptide fold of the beta-defensins is identical to that of the classical defensins","volume":"34","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry"}],"container-title":["Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/rep\/141\/6\/725.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/141\/6\/725\/64533736\/725.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/141\/6\/725\/64533736\/725.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T18:01:20Z","timestamp":1767808880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article\/141\/6\/725\/8243366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-10-0537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-1626","1741-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]}}}