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The efferent ductules of birds are responsible for the reabsorption of the fluid coming from the testis as well as luminal calcium. It has been hypothesized that the epididymal stone formation may be related to the impairment of local fluid or calcium homeostasis, which depends on hormones such as estradiol (E2). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate possible alterations in the expression of ER\u03b1 (ESR1) and ER\u03b2 (ESR2) in the epididymal region of roosters affected by epididymal lithiasis. The study was performed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting assays. In addition, the concentrations of E2, vitamin D3, and testosterone, which are also key hormones in maintenance of calcium homeostasis, were determined in the plasma and epididymal region, by ELISA. It was observed that ESR2 expression is increased in all segments of the epididymal region of affected roosters, whereas ESR1 levels are not altered. Moreover, the hormone concentration profiles were changed, as in the epididymal region of roosters with lithiasis the E2 levels were increased and vitamin D3 as well as testosterone concentrations were significantly decreased. These results suggest that a hormonal imbalance may be involved with the origin and progression of the epididymal lithiasis, possibly by affecting the local fluid or calcium homeostasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-11-0131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,13]],"date-time":"2011-06-13T23:01:06Z","timestamp":1308006066000},"page":"439-446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Roosters affected by epididymal lithiasis present local alteration in vitamin D3, testosterone and estradiol levels as well as estrogen receptor 2 (\u03b2) expression"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"142","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 G","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubem A P","family":"Dornas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00edlian C","family":"Praes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rex A","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Ant\u00f4nio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, CEP 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil 1Department of Comparative Biosciences University of Illinois, 2001 S. Lincoln, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germ\u00e1n A B","family":"Mahecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cleida A","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000145028","article-title":"The epididymal region of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"103","author":"Aire","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Anatomica"},{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib2","first-page":"703","article-title":"Micro-stereological study of the avian epididymal region","volume":"129","author":"Aire","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0264.2000.00247.x","article-title":"The surface features of the epithelial lining of the ducts of the epididymis of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)","volume":"29","author":"Aire","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia"},{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib4","first-page":"23","article-title":"Effect of transient prepubertal hypothyrodism on serum testosterone level and seminal characteristics of chickens","volume":"8","author":"Akhlaghi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib5","first-page":"F620","article-title":"Effects of pH on apical calcium entry and active calcium transport in rabbit cortical collecting system","volume":"266","author":"Bindels","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq024","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor and vitamin D metabolizing enzymes are expressed in the human male reproductive tract","volume":"25","author":"Blomberg Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1637\/7192-040808R1","article-title":"Avian infectious bronchitis virus: a possible cause of reduced fertility in the rooster","volume":"48","author":"Boltz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Diseases"},{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1637\/7654-052506R.1","article-title":"Epididymal stone formation and decreased sperm production in roosters vaccinated with a killed strain of avian infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"50","author":"Boltz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Avian Diseases"},{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.169300","article-title":"Oestradiol decreases colonic permeability through oestrogen receptor beta-mediated up-regulation of occludin and junctional adhesion molecule-A in epithelial cells","volume":"587","author":"Braniste","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.4.1345","article-title":"Vitamin D and adaptation to dietary calcium and phosphate deficiencies increase intestinal plasma membrane calcium pump gene expression","volume":"90","author":"Cai","year":"1993","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2026010712564709400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0235","article-title":"Oestrogens and spermatogenesis","volume":"365","author":"Carreau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 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