{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:15:28Z","timestamp":1778620528534,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]],"date-time":"2013-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sulphate contributes to numerous processes in mammalian physiology, particularly during development. Sulphotransferases mediate the sulphate conjugation (sulphonation) of numerous compounds, including steroids, glycosaminoglycans, proteins, neurotransmitters and xenobiotics, transforming their biological activities. Importantly, the ratio of sulphonated to unconjugated molecules plays a significant physiological role in many of the molecular events that regulate mammalian growth and development. In humans, the fetus is unable to generate its own sulphate and therefore relies on sulphate being supplied from maternal circulation via the placenta. To meet the gestational needs of the growing fetus, maternal blood sulphate concentrations double from mid-gestation. Maternal hyposulphataemia has been linked to fetal sulphate deficiency and late gestational fetal loss in mice. Disorders of sulphonation have also been linked to a number of developmental disorders in humans, including skeletal dysplasias and premature adrenarche. While recognised as an important nutrient in mammalian physiology, sulphate is largely unappreciated in clinical settings. In part, this may be due to technical challenges in measuring sulphate with standard pathology equipment and hence the limited findings of perturbed sulphate homoeostasis affecting human health. This review article is aimed at highlighting the importance of sulphate in mammalian development, with basic science research being translated through animal models and linkage to human disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-13-0056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,31]],"date-time":"2013-05-31T00:26:05Z","timestamp":1369959965000},"page":"R81-R89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Role of sulphate in development"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Paul Anthony","family":"Dawson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20535","article-title":"Interindividual variability in acetaminophen sulfation by human fetal liver: implications for pharmacogenetic investigations of drug-induced birth defects","volume":"82","author":"Adjei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2006.11368","article-title":"An unexpected role for anticoagulant heparan sulfate proteoglycans in reproduction","volume":"136","author":"de Agostini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Swiss Medical Weekly"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib3","first-page":"CD009925","article-title":"Second trimester serum tests for Down's syndrome screening","volume":"6","author":"Alldred","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1989.9934383","article-title":"Chemical composition of bottled mineral water","volume":"44","author":"Allen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Archives of Environmental Health"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl050","article-title":"Tissue distribution and ontogeny of sulfotransferase enzymes in mice","volume":"93","author":"Alnouti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib111"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib6","first-page":"277","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of mucins in mucosal secretions using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"347","author":"Arg\u00fceso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9423","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M513768200","article-title":"Targeted disruption of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-2, an enzyme that catalyzes post-translational protein tyrosine O-sulfation, causes male infertility","volume":"281","author":"Borghei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-012-9550-0","article-title":"Plasma and urinary sulfate determination in a cohort with autism","volume":"51","author":"Bowling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemical Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.047084","article-title":"Gestation age-related increase in 50-kDa rat uterine calcium-independent phospholipase A2 expression influences uterine sensitivity to polychlorinated biphenyl stimulation","volume":"74","author":"Brant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.12.1894","article-title":"Renal agenesis in mice homozygous for a gene trap mutation in the gene encoding heparan sulfate 2-sulfotransferase","volume":"12","author":"Bullock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes and Development"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)44731-5","article-title":"Steroid-protein interactions. XXVI. Studies on the polymeric nature of the corticosteroid-binding globulin of the rabbit","volume":"247","author":"Chader","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000136","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000136","article-title":"Regulation of zebrafish skeletogenesis by ext2\/dackel and papst1\/pinscher","volume":"4","author":"Cl\u00e9ment","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(97)00821-2","article-title":"Quantitation of sulfate and thiosulfate in clinical samples by ion chromatography","volume":"789","author":"Cole","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography. A"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90755-5","article-title":"Increased inorganic sulfate in mother and fetus at parturition: evidence for a fetal-to-maternal gradient","volume":"148","author":"Cole","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib15","first-page":"485","article-title":"Increased renal reabsorption of inorganic sulfate in third-trimester high-risk pregnancies","volume":"66","author":"Cole","year":"1985","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/31.6.866","article-title":"Increased serum sulfate in pregnancy: relationship to gestational age","volume":"31","author":"Cole","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1992.20.6.443","article-title":"Increased inorganic sulfate concentrations in amniotic fluid","volume":"20","author":"Cole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Perinatal Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/03008200802684623","article-title":"Dysplastic histogenesis of cartilage growth plate by alteration of sulphation pathway: a transgenic model","volume":"50","author":"Cornaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Connective Tissue Research"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.030742","article-title":"Sulfation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans is necessary for proper Indian hedgehog signaling in the developing growth plate","volume":"136","author":"Cortes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00348-9","article-title":"The multiple sulfatase deficiency gene encodes an essential and limiting factor for the activity of sulfatases","volume":"113","author":"Cosma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.4.504","article-title":"Tyrosine sulfation is required for agonist recognition by glycoprotein hormone receptors","volume":"21","author":"Costagliola","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010691","article-title":"Loss of the heparan sulfate sulfotransferase, Ndst1, in mammary epithelial cells selectively blocks lobuloalveolar development in mice","volume":"5","author":"Crawford","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2011.03.004","article-title":"Sulfate in fetal development","volume":"22","author":"Dawson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib24"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867053363144","article-title":"Pathogenetics of the human SLC26 transporters","volume":"12","author":"Dawson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2231298100","article-title":"Hyposulfatemia, growth retardation, reduced fertility and seizures in mice lacking a functional NaSi-1 gene","volume":"100","author":"Dawson","year":"2003","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.03.013","article-title":"Behavioural abnormalities of the hyposulfataemic Nas1 knock-out mouse","volume":"154","author":"Dawson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2004.09.020","article-title":"Impaired memory and olfactory performance in NaSi-1 sulphate transporter deficient mice","volume":"159","author":"Dawson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavioral Brain Research"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00300.2005","article-title":"Transcriptional profile reveals altered hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism in hyposulfatemic NaS1 null mice","volume":"26","author":"Dawson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiological Genomics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2008.08.003","article-title":"Kidney transcriptome reveals altered steroid homeostasis in NaS1 sulfate transporter null mice,","volume":"112","author":"Dawson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.147595","article-title":"Reduced mucin sulfonation and impaired intestinal barrier function in the hyposulfataemic NaS1 null mouse","volume":"58","author":"Dawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31474","article-title":"Urolithiasis and hepatotoxicity are linked to the anion transporter Sat1 in mice","volume":"120","author":"Dawson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.10-173K","article-title":"Fetal loss and hyposulfataemia in pregnant NaS1 transporter null mice","volume":"57","author":"Dawson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Development"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.098749","article-title":"Placental, renal, and ileal sulfate transporter gene expression in mouse gestation","volume":"87","author":"Dawson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11431","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601509200","article-title":"Essential roles of 3\u2032-phosphoadenosine 5\u2032-phosphosulfate synthase in embryonic and larval development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"281","author":"Dejima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.6.080604.162334","article-title":"Sulfatases and human disease","volume":"6","author":"Diez-Roux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-53-1-58","article-title":"Transport of steroid hormones: binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma","volume":"53","author":"Dunn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/2458","article-title":"Mutations in orthologous genes in human spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia and the brachymorphic mouse","volume":"20","author":"Faiyaz ul Haque","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.7.766","article-title":"Metabolism of dietary sulphate: absorption and excretion in humans","volume":"32","author":"Florin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1006\/jfca.1993.1016","article-title":"The sulfate content of foods and beverages","volume":"6","author":"Florin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Food Composition and Analysis"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi079","article-title":"A diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (SLC26A2) mutant mouse: morphological and biochemical characterization of the resulting chondrodysplasia phenotype","volume":"14","author":"Forlino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfj061","article-title":"Human sulfotransferases and their role in chemical metabolism","volume":"90","author":"Gamage","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197206000-00002","article-title":"Development of mammalian sulfur metabolism: absence of cystathionase in human fetal tissues","volume":"6","author":"Gaull","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2600","article-title":"Genes for enzymes regulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfonation are associated with levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Goodarzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GLYC.0000043747.87325.5e","article-title":"Sulfation pattern in glycosaminoglycan: does it have a code?","volume":"21","author":"Habuchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glycoconjugate Journal"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15578","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M607434200","article-title":"Mice deficient in heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 exhibit defective heparan sulfate biosynthesis, abnormal placentation, and late embryonic lethality","volume":"282","author":"Habuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5736","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200300632","article-title":"Sulfatases: structure, mechanism, biological activity, inhibition, and synthetic utility","volume":"43","author":"Hanson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90281-X","article-title":"The diastrophic dysplasia gene encodes a novel sulfate transporter: positional cloning by fine-structure linkage disequilibrium mapping","volume":"78","author":"H\u00e4stbacka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.300.2.355","article-title":"The ontogeny of human drug-metabolizing enzymes: phase I oxidative enzymes","volume":"300","author":"Hines","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808434200","article-title":"Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-2 expression is required for sulfation of RNase 9 and Mfge8 in vivo","volume":"284","author":"Hoffhines","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000575","article-title":"Secreted sulfatases Sulf1 and Sulf2 have overlapping yet essential roles in mouse neonatal survival","volume":"2","author":"Holst","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2520305","article-title":"Sulfation by cultured cells. Cysteine, cysteinesulphinic acid and sulphate as sources for proteoglycan sulfate","volume":"252","author":"Humphries","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.05.012","article-title":"Mesomelia-synostoses syndrome results from deletion of SULF1 and SLCO5A1 genes at 8q13","volume":"87","author":"Isidor","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)68287-6","article-title":"Altered proteoglycan synthesis by epiphyseal cartilages in culture at low SO4(2\u2212) concentration","volume":"257","author":"Ito","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib56","first-page":"F79","article-title":"Immunolocalization of sat-1 sulfate\/oxalate\/bicarbonate anion exchanger in the rat kidney","volume":"275","author":"Karniski","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.11.6.9194521","article-title":"The importance of 3\u2032-phosphoadenosine 5\u2032-phosphosulfate (PAPS) in the regulation of sulfation","volume":"11","author":"Klassen","year":"1997","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1877-1173(10)93006-8","article-title":"The roles of chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase-1 in development and disease","volume":"93","author":"Kl\u00fcppel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8681","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.15.8681","article-title":"A member of a family of sulfate-activating enzymes causes murine brachymorphism","volume":"95","author":"Kurima","year":"1998","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.11-057H","article-title":"Role of acidification elicited by sialylation and sulfation of zona glycoproteins during oocyte maturation in porcine sperm\u2013zona pellucida interactions","volume":"57","author":"Lay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Development"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-90.x","article-title":"Effect of pregnancy, postnatal growth, and gender on renal sulfate transport","volume":"221","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.02.013","article-title":"NaSi-1 and Sat-1: structure, function and transcriptional regulation of two genes encoding renal proximal tubular sulfate transporters","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21207","article-title":"Disruption of NaS1 sulfate transport function in mice leads to enhanced acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f22998","article-title":"Hyperserotonaemia and reduced brain serotonin levels in NaS1 sulphate transporter null mice","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.17.3715","article-title":"Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are essential for FGF receptor signaling during Drosophila embryonic development","volume":"126","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2423(08)60085-2","article-title":"Clinical chemistry of pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Lind","year":"1980","journal-title":"Advances in Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1126\/science.128.3324.575","article-title":"Biological sulfate activation and transfer","volume":"128","author":"Lipmann","year":"1958","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01915299","article-title":"Cysteine oxidase and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase in developing rat liver","volume":"34","author":"Loriette","year":"1978","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240050147","article-title":"Immunolocalization of Na\/SO4-cotransport (NaSi-1) in rat kidney","volume":"432","author":"Lotscher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01279-06","article-title":"Gene trap disruption of the mouse heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase gene, Sulf2","volume":"27","author":"Lum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Biology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.300.2.361","article-title":"The ontogeny of human drug-metabolizing enzymes: phase II conjugation enzymes and regulatory mechanisms","volume":"300","author":"McCarver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13997","article-title":"Regulation of lutropin circulatory half-life by the mannose\/N-acetylgalactosamine-4-SO4 receptor is critical for implantation in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Mi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1983.72","article-title":"Serum concentration and renal excretion by normal adults of inorganic sulfate after acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, or sodium sulfate","volume":"33","author":"Morris","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib74"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib75","first-page":"2165","article-title":"Tubular transport of monocarboxylates, Krebs cycle intermediates and inorganic sulphate","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology","author":"Murer","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051917","article-title":"Partial deletion of the sulfate transporter SLC13A1 is associated with an osteochondrodysplasia in the miniature poodle breed","volume":"7","author":"Neff","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sulfomucins in the human body","volume":"379","author":"Nieuw Amerongen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810489","article-title":"Inactivating PAPSS2 mutations in a patient with premature pubarche","volume":"360","author":"Noordam","year":"2009","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23781","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202420200","article-title":"Reduced body weight and increased postimplantation fetal death in tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-1-deficient mice","volume":"277","author":"Ouyang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20060566","article-title":"In vivo contribution of amino acid sulfur to cartilage proteoglycan sulfation","volume":"398","author":"Pecora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-70-6-857","article-title":"Binding of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to serum albumin","volume":"70","author":"Puche","year":"1962","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0003","article-title":"Steroid sulfatase: molecular biology, regulation, and inhibition","volume":"26","author":"Reed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib83","first-page":"2734","article-title":"Sulfation of thyroid hormone and dopamine during human development: ontogeny of phenol sulfotransferases and arylsulfatase in liver, lung, and brain","volume":"86","author":"Richard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25926","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C000359200","article-title":"Defective heparan sulfate biosynthesis and neonatal lethality in mice lacking N-deacetylase\/N-sulfotransferase-1","volume":"275","author":"Ringvall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00741.x","article-title":"Undersulfation of cartilage proteoglycans ex vivo and increased contribution of amino acid sulfur to sulfation in vitro in McAlister dysplasia\/atelosteogenesis type 2","volume":"248","author":"Rossi","year":"1997","journal-title":"European Journal of Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib86","first-page":"420","article-title":"Enhancement of human amniotic phospholipase A2 activity by steroid-sulphate derived from the foeto-placental unit","volume":"107","author":"Saitoh","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi351","article-title":"Sulfatases and sulfatase modifying factors: an exclusive and promiscuous relationship","volume":"14","author":"Sardiello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0040","article-title":"A mutation in Tpst2 encoding tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase causes dwarfism associated with hypothyroidism","volume":"21","author":"Sasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8262","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008262","article-title":"The 3\u2032-phosphoadenosine 5\u2032-phosphosulfate transporters, PAPST1 and 2, contribute to the maintenance and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells","volume":"4","author":"Sasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81615-3","article-title":"Spatially restricted expression of pipe in the Drosophila egg chamber defines embryonic dorsal\u2013ventral polarity","volume":"95","author":"Sen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700382104","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of multiple sulfatase deficiency","volume":"104","author":"Settembre","year":"2007","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.01.017","article-title":"Human placental sulfate transporter mRNA profiling identifies abundant SLC13A4 in syncytiotrophoblasts and SLC26A2 in cytotrophoblasts","volume":"34","author":"Simmons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.06.003","article-title":"Expression profiling of human fetal cytosolic sulfotransferases involved in steroid and thyroid hormone metabolism and in detoxification","volume":"240","author":"Stanley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib94","first-page":"299","article-title":"Tyrosine sulfation: an increasingly recognised post-translational modification of secreted proteins","volume":"25","author":"Stone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Biotechnology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-17-6-670","article-title":"Steroid sulfotransferases","volume":"17","author":"Strott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0040","article-title":"Sulfonation and molecular action","volume":"23","author":"Strott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(82)90064-9","article-title":"Defect in 3\u2032-phosphoadenosine 5\u2032-phosphosulfate synthesis in brachymorphic mice. I. Characterization of the defect","volume":"214","author":"Sugahara","year":"1982","journal-title":"Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib98","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inorganic sulphate in relation to the serum thyroxine level and in renal failure","volume":"640","author":"Tallgren","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Medica Scandinavica. Supplementum"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400334101","article-title":"Loss of chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 function results in severe human chondrodysplasia with progressive spinal involvement","volume":"101","author":"Thiele","year":"2004","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1184","article-title":"Spontaneous fetal loss caused by placental thrombosis in estrogen sulfotransferase-deficient mice","volume":"11","author":"Tong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib101","first-page":"549","article-title":"Sulphate and phosphate transport in the renal proximal tubule","volume":"299","author":"Ullrich","year":"1982","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.02.008","article-title":"Polymorphisms of POR, SULT2A1 and HSD11B1 in children with premature adrenarche","volume":"61","author":"Utriainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1521654031000072148","article-title":"Human 3\u2032-phosphoadenosine 5\u2032-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthase: biochemistry, molecular biology and genetic deficiency","volume":"55","author":"Venkatachalam","year":"2003","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0390395","article-title":"Metabolic clearance rates of pregnenolone, 17-acetoxypregnenolone and their sulphate esters in man and in rabbit","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109323","article-title":"Synthesis and secretion of corticosteroid-binding globulin by rat liver. A source of heterogeneity of hepatic corticosteroid-binders","volume":"63","author":"Weiser","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.943","article-title":"Alternate pathways of thyroid hormone metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2123","article-title":"Human 3\u2032-phosphoadenosine 5\u2032-phosphosulfate synthetase 1 (PAPSS1) and PAPSS2: gene cloning, characterization and chromosomal localization","volume":"268","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1006\/scdb.2000.0238","article-title":"Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the nervous system: their diverse roles in neurogenesis, axon guidance, and synaptogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib109","first-page":"179","article-title":"Proteoglycans and hyaluronan in female reproductive organs","volume":"70","author":"Yanagishita","year":"1994","journal-title":"EXS"},{"key":"2026010712261535500_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2011.02304.x","article-title":"In a shake of a lamb's tail: using genomics to unravel a cause of chondrodysplasia in Texel sheep","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal Genetics"}],"container-title":["Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/rep\/146\/3\/R81.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/146\/3\/R81\/64130381\/r81.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/146\/3\/R81\/64130381\/r81.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T17:27:39Z","timestamp":1767806859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article\/146\/3\/R81\/8235759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-13-0056","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-1626","1741-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]}}}