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Here, we consider the role of infection during pregnancy in fetal development including placental development and function, which can lead to fetal growth restriction. The classical group of teratogenic pathogens is referred to as \u2018TORCH\u2019 (Toxoplasma gondii, others like Treponema pallidum, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus) but should include a much broader group of pathogens including Parvovirus B19, Varicella zoster virus, and Plasmodium falciparum to name a few. In this review, we describe the influence of different infections in utero on fetal development and the short- and long-term outcomes for the neonate. In some cases, the mechanisms used by these pathogens to disrupt fetal development are well known. Bacterial infection of the developing fetal lungs and brain begins with an inflammatory cascade resulting in cytokine injury and oxidative stress. For some pathogens like P. falciparum, the mechanisms involve oxidative stress and apoptosis to disrupt placental and fetal growth. An in utero infection may also affect the long-term health of the infant; in many cases, a viral infection in utero increases the risk of developing type 1 diabetes in childhood. Understanding the varied mechanisms employed by these pathogens may enable therapies to attenuate changes in fetal development, decrease preterm birth, and improve survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-13-0232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T09:23:45Z","timestamp":1374744225000},"page":"R151-R162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":275,"title":["Influence of infection during pregnancy on fetal development"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Kristina M","family":"Adams Waldorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"name":"Pediatrics \u00a0 University of Washington, PO Box 356460, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M","family":"McAdams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"name":"Pediatrics \u00a0 University of Washington, PO Box 356460, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712255013800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.80.90","article-title":"Role of the placenta in adverse perinatal outcomes among HIV-1 seropositive women","volume":"80","author":"Ackerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Nippon Medical School"},{"key":"2026010712255013800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1159\/000339577","article-title":"The association of histological chorioamnionitis and antenatal steroids on neonatal outcome in preterm infants born at less than thirty-four weeks' 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