{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:49:34Z","timestamp":1791946174736,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A suboptimal in utero environment, for example, as a result of maternal stress, can have detrimental effects on the pregnancy and long-term adverse \u2018programming\u2019 effects on the offspring. This article focuses on the effects of prenatal social stress on the mother, her pregnancy and the offspring, since these issues have ethological relevance in both animals and humans. The consequences of social stress exposure depend on when during pregnancy the stress occurs, and many of the effects on the offspring are sex specific. Social stress during early pregnancy tends to result in pregnancy loss, whereas stress exposure later in pregnancy, when the mother has already invested considerable resources in the foetuses, results in programmed offspring of low birth weight: a risk factor for various adulthood diseases. Neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to stress in the offspring are particularly sensitive to foetal programming by prenatal stress, indicated by enhanced hypothalamo-pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis responses and increased anxiety behaviour, which result from permanent changes in the offspring's brain. The dysregulation of HPA axis function may also interfere with other systems, for example, the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013gonadal axis, as there is evidence for alterations in steroidogenesis, reproductive potential and impaired reproductive\/social behaviours in prenatally stressed offspring. Prenatal social stress also programmes future maternal behaviour, highlighting the potential for negative phenotypes to be transmitted to future generations. The possible mechanisms through which maternal stress during pregnancy is transmitted to the foetuses and the foetal brain is programmed by prenatal stress and the potential to overwrite programming of the offspring are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-13-0258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T23:44:38Z","timestamp":1375227878000},"page":"R175-R189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Effects of maternal exposure to social stress during pregnancy: consequences for mother and offspring"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Paula J","family":"Brunton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712264675400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2007.06.1465","article-title":"Prenatal psychological stress causes higher emotionality, depression-like behavior, and elevated activity in the hypothalamo-pituitary\u2013adrenal axis","volume":"59","author":"Abe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience Research"},{"key":"2026010712264675400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(96)80047-3","article-title":"Prenatal protein malnutrition affects exploratory behavior of female rats in the elevated plus-maze test","volume":"60","author":"Almeida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Physiology & Behavior"},{"key":"2026010712264675400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(88)90033-0","article-title":"Stress induced analgesia plays an adaptive role in the organization of behavioral responding","volume":"21","author":"Amit","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Research Bulletin"},{"key":"2026010712264675400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60300-8","article-title":"Early risk factors for miscarriage: a prospective cohort study in pregnant women","volume":"17","author":"Arck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reproductive Biomedicine Online"},{"key":"2026010712264675400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0280","article-title":"Pre-natal social stress and post-natal pain affect the developing pig reproductive axis","volume":"142","author":"Ashworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712264675400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.2.7835284","article-title":"The hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis in rat pregnancy and lactation: circadian variation and interrelationship of plasma adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone","volume":"136","author":"Atkinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712264675400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121410","article-title":"CRF and CRF receptors: role in stress responsivity and other behaviors","volume":"44","author":"Bale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010712264675400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.05.028","article-title":"Early life programming and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"68","author":"Bale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010712264675400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-12-03943.1996","article-title":"Maternal glucocorticoid secretion mediates long-term effects of prenatal stress","volume":"16","author":"Barbazanges","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026010712264675400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1703","article-title":"Neurosteroids: endogenous regulators of the GABA(A) receptor","volume":"6","author":"Belelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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