{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:30:45Z","timestamp":1790623845250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We hypothesised that antenatal exposure to ubiquitous phthalates may lead to an earlier menarche and a lower prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCO) in adolescence. The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study recruited 3000 women at 18 weeks of gestation in 1989\u20131991, 1377 had antenatal serum stored without thawing at \u221280\u200a\u00b0C. An unselected subset was evaluated in the early follicular phase for PCO and PCOS by ultrasound and serum evaluation in adolescence. Serum was analysed for anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, androstenedione and DHEAS. Four hundred microlitres of the frozen maternal serum underwent isotope-diluted liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry, with preceding enzymatic deconjugation followed by solid-phase extraction to determine phthalate exposure. Two hundred and forty four girls attended assessment and most common phthalate metabolites were detectable in the majority of the 123 samples available. Several phthalates were negatively associated with maternal SHBG, and associations with maternal androgens were less consistent. The sum of the metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was associated with a non-significant tendency towards an earlier age at menarche (P=0.069). Uterine volume was positively associated with mono-(carboxy-iso-octyl) phthalate (P=0.018). Exposure to monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and the sum of all phthalate metabolites (\u03a3all phth.m) were protective against PCOS in adolescence (P=0.001 and P=0.005 respectively). There were negative associations of MEP with PCO (P=0.022) and of MEP with serum AMH (P=0.031). Consequently, our data suggest that antenatal exposure to environmental phthalates may be associated with oestrogenic and\/or anti-androgenic reproductive effects in adolescent girls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-13-0331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T00:25:39Z","timestamp":1378945539000},"page":"379-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["The influence of antenatal exposure to phthalates on subsequent female reproductive development in adolescence: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Roger","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Infants' Health \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Women and Infants Research Foundation \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota A","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Infants' Health \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Women and Infants Research Foundation \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne","family":"Frederiksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Infants' Health \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Women and Infants Research Foundation \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King 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Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Women and Infants Research Foundation \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Infants' Health \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Women and Infants Research Foundation \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster 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\u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western 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Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Women and Infants Research Foundation \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P","family":"Newnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Infants' Health \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Women and Infants Research Foundation \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 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Sciences \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels E","family":"Skakkebaek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Women's and Infants' Health \u00a0 University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia 2 \u00a0 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 3 \u00a0 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 \u00a0 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 5 \u00a0 McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1"},{"name":"Women and Infants 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