{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:14:51Z","timestamp":1770840891170,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Epigenetic modifications are key mediators of the interactions between the environment and an organism's genome. DNA methylation represents the best-studied epigenetic modification to date and is known to play key roles in regulating transcriptional activity and promoting chromosome stability. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated the utility of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) as a sentinel species to investigate the persistent effects of environmental contaminant exposure on reproductive health. Here, we incorporate a liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry method to directly measure the total (global) proportion of 5-methyl-2\u2032-deoxycytidine (5mdC) in ovarian and whole blood DNA from alligators. Global DNA methylation in ovaries was significantly elevated in comparison with that of whole blood. However, DNA methylation appeared similar in juvenile alligators reared under controlled laboratory conditions but originating from three sites with dissimilar environmental qualities, indicating an absence of detectable site-of-origin effects on persistent levels of global 5mdC content. Analyses of tissues across individuals revealed a surprising lack of correlation between global methylation levels in blood and ovary. In addition, global DNA methylation in blood samples from juvenile alligators was elevated compared with those from adults, suggesting that age, as observed in mammals, may negatively influence global DNA methylation levels in alligators. To our knowledge, this is the first study examining global levels of DNA methylation in the American alligator and provides a reference point for future studies examining the interplay of epigenetics and environmental factors in a long-lived sentinel species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-13-0498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,8]],"date-time":"2014-01-08T01:16:56Z","timestamp":1389143816000},"page":"503-513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Influence of tissue, age, and environmental quality on DNA methylation in\n                    <i>Alligator mississippiensis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Benjamin B","family":"Parrott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"Hollings Marine Laboratory \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"Hollings Marine Laboratory \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satomi","family":"Kohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"Hollings Marine Laboratory \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, 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\u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline T","family":"Bangma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"Hollings Marine Laboratory \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Standards 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Gynecology \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"Hollings Marine Laboratory \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South Carolina 29440, USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) \u00a0 Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 2 \u00a0 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 3 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina, USA 4 \u00a0 Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA 5 \u00a0 407 Meeting Street, Georgetown, South 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