{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:57:17Z","timestamp":1782277037116,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The lack of significant progress in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) underscores the need to gain a better understanding of the processes that lead to chemoresistance and recurrence. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis offers an attractive explanation of how a subpopulation of cells within a patient's tumour might remain refractory to treatment and subsequently form the basis of recurrent chemoresistant disease. This review examines the literature defining somatic stem cells of the ovary and fallopian tube, two tissues that give rise to EOC. In addition, considerable research has been reviewed, that has identified subpopulations of EOC cells, based on marker expression (CD133, CD44, CD117, CD24, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, LY6A, ALDH1 and side population (SP)), which are enriched for tumour initiating cells (TICs). While many studies identified either CD133 or CD44 as markers useful for enriching for TICs, there is little consensus. This suggests that EOC cells may have a phenotypic plasticity that may preclude the identification of universal markers defining a CSC. The assay that forms the basis of quantifying TICs is the xenograft assay. Considerable controversy surrounds the xenograft assay and it is essential that some of the potential limitations be examined in this review. Highlighting such limitations or weaknesses is required to properly evaluate data and broaden our interpretation of potential mechanisms that might be contributing to the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-14-0234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,9]],"date-time":"2014-10-09T21:39:26Z","timestamp":1412890766000},"page":"R59-R70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells: underlying complexity of a simple paradigm"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Garson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara C","family":"Vanderhyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712395557800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24317","article-title":"Cancerous ovarian stem cells: obscure targets for therapy but relevant to chemoresistance","volume":"114","author":"Ahmed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026010712395557800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.8.1.7533","article-title":"Molecular phenotyping of human ovarian cancer stem cells unravels the mechanisms for repair and chemoresistance","volume":"8","author":"Alvero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"2026010712395557800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0b013e3182800ad5","article-title":"The stem-cell profile of ovarian surface epithelium is reproduced in the oviductal fimbriae, with increased stem-cell marker density in distal parts of the fimbriae","volume":"32","author":"Auersperg","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecological Pathology"},{"key":"2026010712395557800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2008.05.031","article-title":"The origin of ovarian carcinomas: a developmental view","volume":"110","author":"Auersperg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncology"},{"key":"2026010712395557800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.374","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of CD133 and tumorigenicity of CD133+ ovarian cancer cells","volume":"28","author":"Baba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2026010712395557800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-3931","article-title":"Stem and progenitor-like cells contribute to the aggressive behavior of human epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"65","author":"Bapat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"2026010712395557800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06196","article-title":"Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5","volume":"449","author":"Barker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2026010712395557800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-3952(22)04456-8","article-title":"Origins and molecular pathology of ovarian cancer","volume":"18","author":"Bell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Modern Pathology"},{"key":"2026010712395557800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19940401)73:7<1859::AID-CNCR2820730714>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Early de novo ovarian carcinoma. 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