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The aim of this study was to examine the effects of low birth weight and advanced maternal age on second-generation preimplantation blastocysts. Uteroplacental insufficiency or sham surgery was performed in late-gestation WKY pregnant rats, giving rise to first-generation (F1) restricted (born small) and control offspring respectively. F1 control and restricted females, at 4 or 12 months of age, were naturally mated with normal males. Second-generation (F2) blastocysts from restricted females displayed reduced expression of genes related to growth compared with F2 control (P&amp;lt;0.05). Following 24\u200ah culture, F2 restricted blastocysts had accelerated development, with increased total cell number, a result of increased trophectoderm cells compared with control (P&amp;lt;0.05). There were alterations in carbohydrate and serine utilisation in F2 restricted blastocysts and F2 restricted outgrowths from 4-month-old females respectively (P&amp;lt;0.05). F2 blastocysts from aged restricted females were developmentally delayed at retrieval, with reduced total cell number attributable to reduced trophectoderm number with changes in carbohydrate utilisation (P&amp;lt;0.05). Advanced maternal age resulted in alterations in a number of amino acids in media obtained from F2 blastocyst outgrowths (P&amp;lt;0.05). These findings demonstrate that growth restriction and advanced maternal age can alter F2 preimplantation embryo physiology and the subsequent offspring growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-14-0619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]],"date-time":"2015-02-09T20:36:14Z","timestamp":1423514174000},"page":"497-510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Low female birth weight and advanced maternal age programme alterations in next-generation blastocyst development"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Jordanna S","family":"Master","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"School of BioSciences 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George A","family":"Thouas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"School of BioSciences 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra J","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"School of BioSciences 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John R","family":"Sheedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"School of BioSciences 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie J","family":"Hannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"School of BioSciences 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David K","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"School of BioSciences 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia 3 Mercy Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary E","family":"Wlodek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology 2 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