{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T15:03:42Z","timestamp":1781967822171,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The endocrine mechanisms that lead to initiation of parturition in dogs are still not fully understood. The prepartum luteolysis is associated with increased prostaglandin (PG) F2\u03b1 secretion; however, there is no pregnancy- or parturition-related increase in estrogens. Moreover, unlike in other mammalian species, in the dog, increased peripartum levels of cortisol measured sporadically in maternal peripheral blood are not mandatory for normal parturition. Nevertheless, auto\/paracrine effects of cortisol at the placental feto-maternal level cannot be excluded. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of glucocorticoid receptor (GR\/NR3C1) in canine utero\/placental (Ut\/Pl) units and uterine interplacental sites at selected time points during pregnancy (pre-implantation, post-implantation and mid-gestation), and at normal and antigestagen-induced parturition. The Ut\/Pl expression of GR\/NR3C1 did not change significantly from pre-implantation until mid-gestation; however, it was strongly induced during the prepartum luteolysis. Within the interplacental samples, expression of GR\/NR3C1-mRNA was greater post-implantation than pre-implantation and did not change afterward, i.e. toward mid-gestation. Compartmentalization studies within the Ut\/Pl units, involving placenta, endometrium and myometrium separately, performed at the prepartum luteolysis revealed the highest GR\/NR3C1-mRNA levels in placenta compared with endometrium and myometrium. Interestingly, in antigestagen-treated mid-pregnancy dogs, Ut\/Pl and interplacental GR\/NR3C1-mRNA expression remained unaffected. At the cellular level, placental GR\/NR3C1 was clearly detectable in placenta fetalis, i.e. in trophoblast cells. In conclusion, increased expression of GR\/NR3C1 during normal parturition, but not following antigestagen-treatment, suggest that it is not required for initiating the signaling cascade of PG synthesis leading to the induction of parturition in the dog.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-16-0213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T22:09:17Z","timestamp":1471385357000},"page":"303-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Elevated utero\/placental GR\/NR3C1 is not required for the induction of parturition in the dog"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Aykut","family":"Gram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Anatomy Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Trachsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Anatomy Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alois","family":"Boos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Anatomy Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz P","family":"Kowalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Anatomy Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712453204300_bib1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Marshall\u2019s Physiology of Reproduction","author":"Amoroso EC 1952 Placentation"},{"key":"2026010712453204300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0640141","article-title":"Estrogen, progesterone and corticosteroid concentrations in peripheral plasma of sows during pregnancy, parturition, lactation and after weaning","volume":"64","author":"Ash","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712453204300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1092","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and lung development in the fetus and preterm infant","volume":"32","author":"Bolt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatric Pulmonology"},{"key":"2026010712453204300_bib4","first-page":"36","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying \u201cfunctional\u201d progesterone withdrawal at parturition","volume":"1034","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Uterus and Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712453204300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod16.1.57","article-title":"The regulation of corticosteroids during late pregnancy and their role in parturition","volume":"16","author":"Challis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712453204300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0935","article-title":"The role of glucocorticoids in pregnancy, parturition, lactation, and nurturing in melanocortin receptor 2-deficient mice.","volume":"152","author":"Chida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712453204300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(77)90030-2","article-title":"Prostaglandin-F2alpha induced luteolysis, hypothermia, and abortions in beagle bitches","volume":"13","author":"Concannon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"2026010712453204300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod13.1.112","article-title":"The ovarian cycle of the bitch: plasma estrogen, LH and progesterone","volume":"13","author":"Concannon","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712453204300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod19.5.1113","article-title":"Parturition and lactation in the bitch: serum progesterone, cortisol and prolactin","volume":"19","author":"Concannon","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712453204300_bib10","first-page":"3","article-title":"Biology and endocrinology of ovulation, pregnancy and parturition in the dog","volume":"39","author":"Concannon","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 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