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Shallow extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion-induced placental insufficiency and placental dysfunction are considered the main reasons for idiopathic FGR. In this review, first we discuss the major characteristics of anti-angiogenic state and the pro-inflammatory bias in FGR. We then elaborate major abnormalities in placental insufficiency at molecular levels, including the interaction between decidual leukocytes and EVT, alteration of miRNA expression and imprinted gene expression pattern in FGR. Finally, we review current animal models used in FGR, an experimental intervention based on animal models and the progress of predictive biomarker studies in FGR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Free Chinese abstract: A Chinese translation of this abstract is freely available at http:\/\/www.reproduction-online.org\/content\/153\/6\/R227\/suppl\/DC1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-16-0287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,5]],"date-time":"2017-05-05T20:10:37Z","timestamp":1494015037000},"page":"R227-R240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Progress in the understanding of the etiology and predictability of fetal growth restriction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine \u00a0 SCU-CUHK, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education"},{"name":"Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases \u00a0 West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guolin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases \u00a0 West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinghui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases \u00a0 West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine \u00a0 SCU-CUHK, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education"},{"name":"Department of Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases \u00a0 West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712143976700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(03)00125-4","article-title":"Prolactin-like protein-A is a functional modulator of natural killer cells at the maternal\u2013fetal interface","volume":"204","author":"Ain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712143976700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20183","article-title":"Interleukin-11 signaling is required for the differentiation of natural killer cells at the maternal\u2013fetal 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