{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T18:32:47Z","timestamp":1767810767373,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study was to examine the effect of nutrition during the first 18 weeks of life on the physiological and transcriptional functionality of the hypothalamic (arcuate nucleus region), anterior pituitary and testes in Holstein\u2013Friesian bull calves. Holstein\u2013Friesian bull calves with a mean (\u00b1s.d.) age and bodyweight of 19 (\u00b18.2) days and 47.5 (\u00b15.3)\u2009kg, respectively, were assigned to either a HIGH (n\u2009=\u200910) or LOW (n\u2009=\u200910) plane of nutrition, to achieve an overall target growth rate of 1.2 or 0.5\u2009kg\/day, respectively. At 126\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1 days of age, all calves were euthanised. Animal performance (weekly) and systemic concentrations of metabolic (monthly) and reproductive hormones (fortnightly) were assessed. Testicular histology, targeted gene and protein expression of the arcuate nucleus region, anterior pituitary and testes were also assessed using qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The expression of candidate genes in testicular tissue from post pubertal 19-month-old Holstein\u2013Friesian bulls (n\u2009=\u200910) was compared to that of the 18-week-old calves. Metabolite and metabolic hormone profiles generally reflected the improved metabolic status of the calves on the HIGH (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Calves offered a HIGH plane of nutrition were heavier at slaughter (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), had larger testes (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), larger seminiferous tubule diameter (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), more mature spermatogenic cells (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and more Sertoli cells (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) in accordance with both morphological and transcriptional data. Overall, testicular gene expression profiles suggested a more mature stage of development in HIGH compared with LOW and were more closely aligned to that of mature bulls. Ghrelin receptor was the only differentially expressed gene between LOW and HIGH calves in either the anterior pituitary (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) or arcuate nucleus region of the hypothalamus (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.10) and was upregulated in LOW for both tissues. This study indicates that an enhanced plane of nutrition during early calfhood favourably alters the biochemical regulation of the hypothalamus\u2013anterior pituitary\u2013testicular axis, advancing testicular development and hastening spermatogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-17-0671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T11:55:33Z","timestamp":1530532533000},"page":"283-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Role of early life nutrition on regulating the hypothalamic\u2013anterior pituitary\u2013testicular axis of the bull"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"A M","family":"English","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Bioscience Research Department , Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction , Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D A","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Bioscience Research Department , Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C J","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Bioscience Research Department , Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Sauerwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science , Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Urh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science , Physiology and Hygiene Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M A","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Staub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UEPAO , INRA, UE1297, Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S M","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Bioscience Research Department , Teagasc Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Fair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction , Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712180239400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.2000.0197","article-title":"Leptin regulation of neuroendocrine systems","volume":"21","author":"Ahima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712180239400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4684","article-title":"Gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of heifers is affected by controlled intake of high- and low-concentrate diets","volume":"90","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"2026010712180239400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2606","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(83)82135-3","article-title":"Endocrine changes associated with onset of spermatogenesis in Holstein bulls","volume":"66","author":"Amann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"2026010712180239400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2011.00109","article-title":"Neuroendocrine pathways mediating nutritional acceleration of puberty: insights from ruminant models","volume":"2","author":"Amstalden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712180239400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2003.12.021","article-title":"Effects of treatment with LH or FSH from 4 to 8 weeks of age on the attainment of puberty in bull calves","volume":"62","author":"Bagu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026010712180239400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00768","article-title":"Postnatal changes in testicular gonadotropin receptors, serum gonadotropin, and testosterone concentrations and functional development of the testes in bulls","volume":"132","author":"Bagu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712180239400_bib7","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Technique.","author":"Bancroft","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026010712180239400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8461454x","article-title":"Growth and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein at two feeding rates","volume":"84","author":"Bartlett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"2026010712180239400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1071\/RD09302","article-title":"Characterisation of endometrial gene expression and metabolic parameters in beef heifers yielding viable or non-viable embryos on Day 7 after insemination","volume":"22","author":"Beltman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduction, Fertility and Development"},{"key":"2026010712180239400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26203.x","article-title":"Patterns of insulin-like growth factor and IGF receptor gene expression in the brain. 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