{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:12:27Z","timestamp":1783487547032,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Bovine antisperm antibodies (ASAs) have been associated with teratospermia and asthenospermia. It was hypothesized here that scrotal insulation induces the formation of ASAs and deterioration of sperm function. Scrotal insulation bags were placed in 10 bulls for 8 days. Semen was collected on days \u221229, \u221222 and \u22122, twice weekly from days 5 to 54, and thereafter weekly until day 96 (day 0\u2009=\u2009first day of scrotal insulation). On each collection day, scrotal circumference, sperm motility, morphology, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential, ASA binding and DNA integrity were evaluated. The percentage of IgG- and IgA-bound sperm increased between days 12 and 96 (P &amp;lt; 0.0001), in association with poor motility (days 19\u201330, P &amp;lt; 0.005) and morphology (days 8\u201340, P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Mean scrotal circumference decreased between days 15 and 75 (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). There was also a deterioration in sperm membrane integrity (days 19\u201340, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), acrosome integrity (days 26\u201389, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), lipid peroxidation (days 5\u201312, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), and mitochondrial membrane potential (days 12\u201396, P\u2009=\u20090.001). In contrast, a decrease in apoptotic cells (days 37\u201383, P\u2009=\u20090.0002) and lipid peroxidation (days 19\u201396, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) was noticed. Most bulls recovered normospermia by day 96. However, the persistence of ASAs, acrosomal damage and dysfunctional mitochondria suggest a long term effect of scrotal insulation on sperm function and the homeostasis of the reproductive immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-20-0207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T12:55:36Z","timestamp":1598619336000},"page":"783-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Antisperm antibodies and sperm function in bulls undergoing scrotal insulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"S Ferrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Claire","family":"Bullington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Hoyos-Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"H Bittar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.130146ja","article-title":"Causes and consequences of apoptosis in spermatozoa; contributions to infertility and impacts on development","volume":"57","author":"Aitken","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Biology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0810459","article-title":"Cellular basis of defective sperm function and its association with the genesis of reactive oxygen species by human spermatozoa","volume":"81","author":"Aitken","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gal119","article-title":"Analysis of lipid peroxidation in human spermatozoa using BODIPY C11","volume":"13","author":"Aitken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecular Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.10.018","article-title":"Association between seasonal changes in fatty-acid composition, expression of VLDL receptor and bovine sperm quality","volume":"67","author":"Argov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-12-0498","article-title":"Season-induced variation in lipid composition is associated with semen quality in Holstein bulls","volume":"145","author":"Argov-Argaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.12.008","article-title":"Relationship between semen quality and pixel\u2013intensity of testicular ultrasonograms after scrotal insulation in beef bulls","volume":"64","author":"Arteaga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib7","first-page":"104","article-title":"Testicular degeneration","author":"Barth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bovine Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib8","first-page":"93","article-title":"The sequential appearance of sperm abnormalities after scrotal insulation or dexamethasone treatment in bulls","volume":"35","author":"Barth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23328","article-title":"Effects of increased scrotal temperature on semen quality and seminal plasma proteins in Brahman bulls","volume":"87","author":"Boe-Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecular Reproduction and Development"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-4320(03)00082-4","article-title":"Effects of scrotal insulation on sperm production, semen quality, and testicular echotexture in Bos indicus and Bos indicus \u00d7 Bos taurus bulls","volume":"79","author":"Brito","year":"2003","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Science"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2014.09.018","article-title":"Causes, effects and molecular mechanisms of testicular heat stress","volume":"30","author":"Duramayanthi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproductive Biomedicine Online"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2016.01.017","article-title":"The Sperm chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA\u00ae) and other sperm DNA fragmentation tests for evaluation of sperm nuclear DNA integrity as related to fertility","volume":"169","author":"Evenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Animal Reproduction Science"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.07.005","article-title":"Effects of scrotal insulation in Nellore bulls (Bos taurus indicus) on seminal quality and its relationship with in vitro fertilizing ability","volume":"70","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.02.017","article-title":"Prevalence of bovine sperm-bound antisperm antibodies and their association with semen quality","volume":"84","author":"Ferrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12679","article-title":"Effect of bovine sperm-bound antisperm antibodies on oviductal binding index","volume":"51","author":"Ferrer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction in Domestic Animals"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.10.012","article-title":"Sperm-bound antisperm antibodies prevent capacitation of bovine spermatozoa","volume":"89","author":"Ferrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1828","article-title":"Identification of immunodominant autoantigens in rat autoimmune orchitis","volume":"207","author":"Fijak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5945","article-title":"Triennial reproduction symposium: sperm characteristics that limit success of fertilization","volume":"91","author":"Flowers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.144337","article-title":"Signaling mechanisms in mammalian sperm motility","volume":"96","author":"Freitas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2011.01.010","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and signalling in spermatogenesis and testicular responses to inflammation \u2013 a perspective","volume":"88","author":"Hedger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Reproductive Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib21","first-page":"325","article-title":"Serum auto antibodies in buffaloes and cattle naturally infected with IBRV and Brucella","volume":"3","author":"Hegazi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Buffalo Journal"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0070357","article-title":"Antigenicity and cross-reactions of bovine spermatozoa","volume":"7","author":"Hunter","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233711425082","article-title":"Heat stress decreases testicular germ cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in short term: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study","volume":"29","author":"Kanter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology and Industrial Health"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1997.tb01971.x","article-title":"Chromatin structural changes in sperm after scrotal insulation of Holstein bulls","volume":"18","author":"Karabinus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib25","first-page":"26","article-title":"Thermoregulation of the testes","author":"Kastelic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bovine Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12390","article-title":"Protective role of dietary-supplemented selenium and vitamin E in heat-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in mice testes","volume":"47","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod60.6.1285","article-title":"Effects of experimentally generated bull antisperm antibodies on in vitro fertilization","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib28","author":"Koziol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Society for Theriogenology Manual for Breeding Soundness Examination of Bulls"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.09.022","article-title":"Characterization of antisperm antibody binding patterns in relation to sperm phenotypic attributes and field fertility in dairy bulls","volume":"141","author":"Kuntareddi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib30","article-title":"Zur Kenntnis der sperzitich auf Blutk\u00f6rperchen wirkenden sera","volume":"25","author":"Landsteiner","year":"1899","journal-title":"Centralbl J Bakt"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.123901","article-title":"Roles of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in mediating experimental autoimmune orchitis induction in mice","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682393","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1682393","article-title":"The stimulated glycolytic pathway is able to maintain ATP levels and kinetic patterns of bovine epididymal sperm subjected to mitochondrial uncoupling","volume":"2017","author":"Losano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2017.1322973","article-title":"Effect of vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids on cryopreserved sperm quality in Bos taurus bulls under testicular heat stress","volume":"29","author":"Losano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal Biotechnology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib34","first-page":"2295","article-title":"Induction of testicular degeneration in bulls by isoimmunization","volume":"29","author":"Losos","year":"1968","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib35","first-page":"130","article-title":"Effects of auto- and iso-immunization of bulls with semen and testis","volume":"16","author":"Menge","year":"1971","journal-title":"International Journal of Fertility"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0030331","article-title":"Immunological studies on fertility and sterility. IV","volume":"3","author":"Menge","year":"1962","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587100800405","article-title":"Allergic epididymo-orchitis in guinea pigs and bulls","volume":"8","author":"Parsonson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.071779","article-title":"A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes hypoxia and oxidative stress in mouse testes, which induces germ cell death","volume":"80","author":"Paul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib39","first-page":"527","article-title":"Autoinmunizacion esperm\u00e1tica en sementales bovinos como causa de subfertilidad","author":"Perez","year":"1964","journal-title":"International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.05.031","article-title":"Scrotal insulation and its relationship to abnormal morphology, chromatin protamination and nuclear shape of spermatozoa in Holstein-Friesian and Belgian Blue bulls","volume":"76","author":"Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691x(80)90129-6","article-title":"Changes in the morphology of spermatozoa during their passage through the genital tract in dairy bulls with normal and impaired spermatogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Ramamohana Rao","year":"1980","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0570001","article-title":"Ultrastructural evidence of phagocytosis of spermatozoa in the bovine rete testis and testicular straight tubules","volume":"57","author":"Sinowatz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib43","article-title":"Serum anti-sperm antibodies associated with orchitis in a bull","volume":"1","author":"Vlok","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78575-5","article-title":"Effects of scrotal insulation on viability characteristics of cryopreserved bovine semen","volume":"74","author":"Vogler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0690711","article-title":"Spermiogram and sperm reserves in hybrid Bos indicus x Bos taurus bulls after scrotal insulation","volume":"69","author":"Wildeus","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Fertility"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1980.tb02530.x","article-title":"Serum spermagglutinins and semen quality in the bull","volume":"56","author":"Wright","year":"1980","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib47","first-page":"197","article-title":"Occurrence of antibodies to sperms in blood sera of bulls and boars","volume":"43","author":"Zral\u00fd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Veterinary Medicine: Czech"},{"key":"2026010712241653000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200271030303","article-title":"Antisperm antibodies in blood sera of bulls and correlations with age, breed and ejaculate quality","volume":"71","author":"Zral\u00fd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria Brno"}],"container-title":["Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/rep\/160\/5\/REP-20-0207.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/160\/5\/783\/64127191\/rep-20-0207.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/160\/5\/783\/64127191\/rep-20-0207.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T17:24:23Z","timestamp":1767806663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article\/160\/5\/783\/8235611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-20-0207","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-1626","1741-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}}}