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Despite remarkable achievements, SCNT suffers low efficiency, high pregnancy losses and higher than normal stillbirth rates that makes it an expensive technique to reproduce animals. Moreover, due to welfare issues associated with gestation and the newborn offspring, it is banned in some countries. It has become evident that these problems are of epigenetic nature associated with incomplete genome reprogramming, observed more frequently in ruminants and less often and of minor degree in pigs and horses. Genome editing is enormously benefiting from SCNT to turn genome edited cells into animals, even if zygote microinjection of CRISPR\/Cas9 will become an alternative route in some occasions. SCNT will also be a route to reprogram somatic cell to pluripotency since bona fide iPSC in livestock are missing while embryonic stem cells have been now established. This opens the way to other technologies like the development of artificial gametes or interspecies nuclear transfer. To strengthen its commercial applications, SCNT will face three major challenges, that is, intellectual property (extremely unclear in genome editing), regulatory approval by the relevant authorities of the resuting potential products and finally, acceptance by the public who will eventually decide with its behavior the life or the death of the technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-21-0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T16:46:00Z","timestamp":1618418760000},"page":"F23-F32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["25th ANNIVERSARY OF CLONING BY SOMATIC-CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER: Current applications of SCNT in advanced breeding and genome editing in livestock"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"162","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9529-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Galli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Avantea and Fondazione Avantea Onlus , Cremona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Lazzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avantea and Fondazione Avantea Onlus , Cremona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-010-0610-9","article-title":"Transgenic pigs as models for translational biomedical research","volume":"88","author":"Aigner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.10-058a","article-title":"Treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor after nuclear transfer improves the preimplantation development of cloned bovine embryos","volume":"57","author":"Akagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Reproduction and Development"},{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.1361-1366","article-title":"Advances in genome editing for improved animal breeding: a review","volume":"10","author":"Bhat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5278","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17693","article-title":"Symposium review: Advances in sequencing technology herald a new frontier in cattle genomics and genome-enabled selection","volume":"103","author":"Bickhart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy Science"},{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.207159","article-title":"Genome editing approaches to augment livestock breeding programs","volume":"223","author":"Bishop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716161115","article-title":"Efficient derivation of stable primed pluripotent embryonic stem cells from bovine blastocysts","volume":"115","author":"Bogliotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74087-4_15","article-title":"Producing recombinant human milk proteins in the milk of livestock species","volume":"606","author":"B\u00f6sze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1089\/1536230041372373","article-title":"Potential uses of cloning in breeding schemes: dairy cattle","volume":"6","author":"Bousquet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cloning and Stem Cells"},{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/380064a0","article-title":"Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line","volume":"380","author":"Campbell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2011.09.012","article-title":"Review: placental perturbations induce the developmental abnormalities often observed in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer","volume":"33","author":"Chavatte-Palmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2026010712070969100_bib11","article-title":"Health care and well being of animal clones","author":"Chavatte-Palmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"DASaMD 61822. 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