{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:02:58Z","timestamp":1788519778975,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>In brief<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical and subclinical endometritis are different manifestations of reproductive tract inflammatory disease in dairy cows. This review addresses the genesis of clinical and subclinical endometritis considering metabolic stress, innate immune dysfunction, and shifts in the composition of the uterine microbiota in the postpartum period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Up to half of dairy cows may develop one or more types of reproductive tract inflammatory disease within 5 weeks after calving. Clinical endometritis (CE) results from uterine bacterial dysbiosis with increased relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria associated with luminal epithelial damage. These bacteria cause endometrial stromal cell lysis, followed by massive polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) migration, and pyogenesis. CE is defined as endometrial inflammation accompanied by purulent discharge. Purulent discharge is not always accompanied by uterine inflammation (being (rarely) vaginitis or (commonly) cervicitis), hence referred to as purulent vaginal discharge (PVD). Subclinical endometritis (SCE) is an asymptomatic uterine disease defined by a threshold of PMN on cytology that is associated with worse reproductive performance; it has not been linked with bacterial dysbiosis. Current evidence suggests that SCE is a result of metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction that impairs innate immune function and the ability of endometrial PMN to undergo apoptosis, necrosis, and ultimately achieve resolution of inflammation. CE and SCE are diagnosed between 3 and 5 weeks postpartum and commonly overlap, but they are considered distinct manifestations of reproductive tract inflammatory disease. This review addresses the genesis of CE and SCE in postpartum dairy cows considering metabolic stress, innate immune dysfunction, and shifts in the composition of the uterine microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-22-0452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T09:10:52Z","timestamp":1686301852000},"page":"R15-R24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Genesis of clinical and subclinical endometritis in dairy cows"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"166","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5305-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Bogado Pascottini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2027-7704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J","family":"LeBlanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Medicine , Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Gnemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bovinevet International Bovine Ultrasound Services & Herd Management , Huesca, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction , Veterinary Faculty, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2262-9403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo L M R","family":"Leroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry , Gamete Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geert","family":"Opsomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712093107100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.115972","article-title":"Differential endometrial cell sensitivity to a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin links Trueperella pyogenes to uterine disease in cattle","volume":"90","author":"Amos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712093107100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz212","article-title":"Bacterial taxonomic 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