{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:55:31Z","timestamp":1789156531894,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":681,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>In brief<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opposing conclusions have been drawn regarding the presence of viable bacteria in the healthy pregnant uterus. Current evidence in humans and animals suggests that fetomaternal tissues present only traces of bacteria whose viability is still to be proven.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The debate about the pioneer colonization of the fetus is still open, being the \u2018in utero colonization\u2019 hypothesis versus the \u2018sterile womb paradigm\u2019 the two opposing sides. The seed in this field of research sprouted in human medicine in the last decade and became a central topic in other mammals as well. We aimed to review the literature on bacterial colonization of the healthy placenta, amniotic fluid, and meconium as representatives of the fetal environment. What emerges is that confirming the colonization of fetomaternal tissues by viable bacteria is challenging in humans as well as in animals. Contamination represents the major risk in this type of research as it can be related to different parts of the study design. Sampling at natural parturition or postpartum introduces risk for colonization by the vaginal microbiome of the mother or from the environment. Culture does not reveal the presence of unculturable microorganisms, and sequencing does not allow confirming bacterial viability, while also introducing the variability associated with the data analysis. Therefore, on the basis of the present review, we provide some guidelines on the best practices when performing this type of studies. What emerges from the current literature in humans and animals is that fetomaternal tissues are characterized by a very low biomass, that the viability of bacteria eventually present is still to be confirmed, while massive colonization happens at birth, priming the individual, regardless of the species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-23-0078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T14:01:46Z","timestamp":1698674506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The dogma of the sterile uterus revisited: does microbial seeding occur during fetal life in humans and animals?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"167","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6061-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penelope","family":"Banchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Colitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Opsomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Rota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Van Soom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine , Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237ra65","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008599","volume":"6","author":"Aagaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050331","volume":"10","author":"Banchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2019.100622","volume":"34","author":"Bonnet","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbes and New Infections"},{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712614","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712614","volume":"12","author":"Brosseau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190007","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2019.7","volume":"6","author":"Bukin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Data"},{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2020-0243","volume":"16","author":"Campisciano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Microbiology"},{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101971","volume":"101","author":"Campos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1071\/RD18460","volume":"31","author":"Canisso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduction, Fertility, and Development"},{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00901-0","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00607","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712105150700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0113-7","volume":"20","author":"Chiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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