{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:25:07Z","timestamp":1790011507196,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>In brief<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since available therapeutic approaches for chemotherapy-induced non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients are not enough efficient, an urgent need for treatment alternatives is felt. This study shows that adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosome (AD-Exo) treatment is more effective in ameliorating busulfan-induced NOA rat models compared to platelet-rich plasma (PRP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) are unable to have their children. Therefore, there is an urgent need for additional treatment alternatives for these patients. Recently, novel treatments based on the exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as the agents responsible for exerting the paracrine effects and consequently biological functions of MSCs are proposed. Besides, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a significant blood byproduct has been therapeutically applied in several male infertility studies. In this study, we compared the effects of PRP and exosome treatment on spermatogenesis restoration in NOA rat models. Exosomes and PRP were isolated from the adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) collected from conditioned medium and peripheral blood of human volunteers, respectively. Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) induction was done through two doses of busulfan at a 21-day interval. Thirty-five days after NOA induction, intratesticular injection of AD-MSCs-derived exosome (AD-Exo), PRP, and PBS was performed. The control group did not receive any treatment. Two months later, the rats were euthanized for further analysis. Our results revealed that both AD-Exo and PRP treatments improved the size and weight of testis, modulated the expression level of Dazl, Ddx4, Stra8, Pwil1, and Ccna1, and ameliorated the serum level of LDH, SOD, and GR enzymes in NOA rats. Moreover, the AD-Exo group showed improved testosterone, GPx, MAD, and CAT serum levels, sperm motility, and protein levels of DAZL and DDX4. This investigation verified the more efficient effects of AD-Exo treatment in comparison to PRP in ameliorating busulfan-induced NOA rat models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-23-0474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T12:38:33Z","timestamp":1720787913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells and PRP restore spermatogenesis in the rat model of non-obstructive azoospermia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Azar","family":"Sheikholeslami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Davoodi Asl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4724-2106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoda","family":"Fazaeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Sheykhhasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"Kalhor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Naserpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Biology , Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Qom Branch, Qom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1535","article-title":"The impact of mesenchymal stem cells on doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity and progeny outcome of male prepubertal rats","volume":"111","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Defects Research"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib2","first-page":"171","article-title":"Testicular injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to enhance the sperm parameters in rabbit","volume":"7","author":"Abdulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurasian Medical Research Periodical"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-016-0177-6","article-title":"Sperm motility and morphology changes in rats exposed to cadmium and diazinon","volume":"14","author":"Adamkovicova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24966\/RMGO-2574\/100011","article-title":"The Effectiveness of autologous platelet-rich plasma (prp) in the therapy of infertile men with non-abstractive azoospermia","volume":"3","author":"Al-Nasser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Reproductive Medicine, Gynaecology & Obstetrics"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-016-9685-1","article-title":"Underlying mechanisms that restore spermatogenesis on transplanting healthy niche cells in busulphan treated mouse testis","volume":"12","author":"Anand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reviews and Reports"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc19047","article-title":"Improvement of human sperm vacuolization and DNA fragmentation co-cultured with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome: in vitro effect","volume":"12","author":"Bader","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Stem Cells"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib7","first-page":"309","article-title":"Evaluation of the general health of the infertile couples","volume":"9","author":"Baghiani Moghadam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-18907-1.00141-4","article-title":"Clinical management of male infertility","author":"Barak","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520909397","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma versus hyaluronic acid for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"49","author":"Belk","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.69","article-title":"Oxidative stress and male infertility","volume":"14","author":"Bisht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Urology"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1159-8","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma therapy and reproductive medicine","volume":"35","author":"Bos-Mikich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708906","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/708906","article-title":"Comparisons of mouse mesenchymal stem cells in primary adherent culture of compact bone fragments and whole bone marrow","volume":"2015","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells International"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12414","article-title":"Involvement of ICAM-1 in impaired spermatogenesis after busulfan treatment in mice","volume":"48","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13285","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13285","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-secreted factors delayed spermatogenesis injuries induced by busulfan involving intercellular adhesion molecule regulation","volume":"51","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529589","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/529589","article-title":"Recovery of fertility in azoospermia rats after injection of adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells: the sperm generation","volume":"2013","author":"Cakici","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.03028.x","article-title":"Short-term deviations in temperature during storage of plasma at -40\u00b0C do not affect its quality","volume":"51","author":"Cardigan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119633","article-title":"Biomolecules-derived biomaterials","volume":"230","author":"Datta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2018.45.2.67","article-title":"Current clinical applications of platelet-rich plasma in various gynecological disorders: an appraisal of theory and practice","volume":"45","author":"Dawood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2018.1478400","article-title":"The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to improve structural impairment of rat testis induced by busulfan","volume":"30","author":"Dehghani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2019.0026","article-title":"Urine-derived stem cells facilitate endogenous spermatogenesis restoration of busulfan-induced nonobstructive azoospermic mice by paracrine exosomes","volume":"28","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells and Development"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2011.57","article-title":"Testicular biopsy: clinical practice and interpretation","volume":"14","author":"Dohle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9688138","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9688138","article-title":"A comparative study on the effect of exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose and bone marrow tissues in the treatment of osteoarthritis-induced mouse model","volume":"2021","author":"Fazaeli","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2009.10.002","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the therapeutic properties of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Meirelles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.24099\/vet.arhiv.151209","article-title":"Induction of spermatogenesis after stem cell therapy of azoospermic guinea pigs","volume":"87","author":"Hajihoseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinarski Arhiv"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080886","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt521","article-title":"Evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of infertility in male rats","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Research and Therapy"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1351-5","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells restore the sperm motility from testicular torsion-detorsion injury by regulation of glucose metabolism in sperm","volume":"10","author":"Hsiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Research and Therapy"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2009.05.004","article-title":"Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human fetal lung: potential differentiation of germ cells","volume":"41","author":"Hua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue and Cell"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.22453","article-title":"Differentiation of human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells into germ-like cells in vitro","volume":"109","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26280-0","article-title":"Testicular sperm is superior to ejaculated sperm for ICSI in cryptozoospermia: an update systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_369_19","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma: the journey so far!","volume":"11","author":"Kaushik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Dermatology Online Journal"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2020.151627","article-title":"Application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) improves self-renewal of human spermatogonial stem cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture systems","volume":"122","author":"Khadivi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Histochemica"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioy077","article-title":"Spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"99","author":"Kubota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12895","article-title":"Effects of platelet-rich plasma on spermatogenesis and hormone production in an experimental testicular torsion model","volume":"9","author":"Kutluhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/01913123.2019.1572256","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on cisplatin induced testicular damage in adult male albino rat","volume":"43","author":"Meligy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrastructural Pathology"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119336","article-title":"Amniotic fluid-derived exosomes improved spermatogenesis in a rat model of azoospermia","volume":"274","author":"Mobarak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2013.07.024","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell derived microvesicles: trophic shuttles for enhancement of sperm quality parameters","volume":"42","author":"Mokarizadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050626","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapy: new perspectives and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Najar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020134","article-title":"Molecular changes induced by oxidative stress that impair human sperm motility","volume":"9","author":"Nowicka-Bauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2016-0048","article-title":"Platelet Rich Plasma: a short overview of certain bioactive components","volume":"11","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1210207","article-title":"Significance of incorporating measures of sperm production and function into rat toxicology studies","volume":"121","author":"Perreault","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859025","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.859025","article-title":"A review of fetal bovine serum in the culture of mesenchymal stromal cells and potential alternatives for veterinary medicine","volume":"9","author":"Pilgrim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116861","article-title":"The potential of exosomes in the therapy of the cartilage and bone complications; emphasis on osteoarthritis","volume":"236","author":"Pourakbari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13110344","article-title":"Examining the characteristics and applications of mesenchymal, induced pluripotent, and embryonic stem cells for tissue engineering approaches across the germ layers","volume":"13","author":"Priester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2017.00089","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma derived growth factors contribute to stem cell differentiation in musculoskeletal regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Chemistry"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01803-7","article-title":"Human amnion mesenchymal stem cells restore spermatogenesis in mice with busulfan-induced testis toxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Research and Therapy"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.44","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: toward cell-free therapeutic applications","volume":"23","author":"Rani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Therapy"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.5455\/JPMA.12992","article-title":"Oxidative stress and male infertility: a cross sectional study","volume":"70","author":"Rehman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00959-4","article-title":"A review on exosomes application in clinical trials: perspective, questions, and challenges","volume":"20","author":"Rezaie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Communication and Signaling"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11020084","article-title":"Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the oxymetholone-induced testicular toxicity","volume":"11","author":"Saba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532519","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/532519","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma peptides: key for regeneration","volume":"2012","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Peptides"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010399","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1010399","article-title":"Recent advances to enhance the immunomodulatory potential of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"13","author":"Sarsenova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0946-6","article-title":"The role of mesenchymal stem cells in chemotherapy-induced gonadotoxicity","volume":"9","author":"Sherif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Research and Therapy"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5516078","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5516078","article-title":"Exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells as a proper vehicle for transfecting miR-145 into the breast cancer cell line and its effect on metastasis","volume":"2021","author":"Sheykhhasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1042\/CBI20110651","article-title":"BMP4 can generate primordial germ cells from bone-marrow-derived pluripotent stem cells","volume":"36","author":"Shirazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biology International"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib57","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy of male infertility","author":"Tamadon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Male Reproductive Health"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc.2015.8.2.134","article-title":"Induction of spermatogenesis by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in busulfan-induced azoospermia in hamster","volume":"8","author":"Tamadon","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Stem Cells"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00815-z","article-title":"Novel variants in helicase for meiosis 1 lead to male infertility due to non-obstructive azoospermia","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology: RB&E"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.20023","article-title":"Assessment of testis histopathological changes and spermatogenesis in male mice exposed to chronic scrotal heat stress","volume":"8","author":"Thanh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.12703\/r\/10-7","article-title":"Non-obstructive azoospermia: current and future perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Tharakan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Faculty Reviews"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12271","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12271","article-title":"The dark side of foetal bovine serum in extracellular vesicle studies","volume":"11","author":"Urz\u00ec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib63","first-page":"18","article-title":"The regenerative effect of bone marrow-derived stem cells in spermatogenesis of infertile hamster","volume":"6","author":"Vahdati","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Journal of Plastic Surgery"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v19i9.9716","article-title":"Comparison of intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes in azoospermic men who underwent testicular sperm extraction vs. microdissection testicular sperm extraction: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Vahidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507234","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/507234","article-title":"Stem cells as new agents for the treatment of infertility: current and future perspectives and challenges","volume":"2014","author":"Volarevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28218","DOI":"10.4161\/spmg.28218","article-title":"Review of azoospermia","volume":"4","author":"Wosnitzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spermatogenesis"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27066","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27066","article-title":"Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions","volume":"4","author":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-M\u00f3","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.129209","article-title":"Enhancement of mouse germ cell-associated genes expression by injection of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into the testis of chemical-induced azoospermic mice","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3906\/biy-0801-12","article-title":"The effect of the interaction between genotypes and drought stress on the superoxide dismutase and chlorophyll content in durum wheat landraces","volume":"33","author":"Zaefyzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Biology"},{"issue":"Supplement 5","key":"2026010712113022500_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-015-0903-7","article-title":"Modern stem cell therapy: approach to disease","volume":"127","author":"Zemljic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13151","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150813151","article-title":"Potential spermatogenesis recovery with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in an azoospermic rat model","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712113022500_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.11.028","article-title":"MSC exosomes mediate cartilage repair by enhancing proliferation, attenuating apoptosis and modulating immune reactivity","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"}],"container-title":["Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/rep\/168\/3\/REP-23-0474.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/rep\/168\/3\/REP-23-0474.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/168\/3\/e230474\/64911607\/rep-23-0474.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/168\/3\/e230474\/64911607\/rep-23-0474.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T17:11:41Z","timestamp":1767805901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article\/doi\/10.1530\/REP-23-0474\/8217355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-23-0474","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-1626","1741-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"article-number":"e230474"}}