{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:52:14Z","timestamp":1790833934643,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":511,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>In brief<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the past half century, the world has witnessed an unprecedented decline in human fertility rates. This analysis reviews the various socioeconomic, cultural, and biological factors involved in driving this change and considers whether low fertility rates are a temporary or permanent feature of our future demographic profile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since the early 1960s, the world has witnessed the spectacular collapse of human fertility. As a result of this phenomenon, several countries are already seeing their population numbers fall and more will follow in the coming decades. The causes of this fertility decline involve a complex interplay of socio-economic, environmental, and biological factors that have converged to constrain fertility in posterity\u2019s wake. Since large numbers of offspring are no longer needed to compensate for high infant mortality in contemporary society, couples have opted to have small families in a quality-over-quantity investment in their progeny\u2019s future. Simultaneously, increases in female education, the enhanced participation of women in the paid workforce, and a resultant delay in childbearing has placed limits on achievable family size. Progressive urbanization, the improved availability of contraceptives, and the socio-economic pressures experienced by young adults in ageing societies are also contributing to fertility\u2019s demise. These factors, together with the individualism that pervades modern society and the increasing social acceptability of voluntary childlessness, have firmly established a low fertility ethos in most post-transition countries. Since none of these forces are about to relent, it looks as if extremely low fertility might be with us for some time to come. This may have long-term consequences. The lack of selection pressure on high fertility genotypes, the ability of ART to retain poor fertility genotypes within the population, and sustained exposure to reproductive toxicants in modern industrialized environments may all contrive to leave a permanent mark on the fecundity of our species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-24-0070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T12:33:55Z","timestamp":1712320435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Population decline: where demography, social science, and biology intersect"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9152-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert John","family":"Aitken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science , Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute , New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712104420900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac011","article-title":"The changing tide of human fertility","volume":"37","author":"Aitken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104420900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108935593","author":"Aitken","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Infertility Trap"},{"key":"2026010712104420900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.03.012","article-title":"Role of sperm DNA damage in creating de-novo 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