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While male infertility can be linked to some genetic and lifestyle factors, these do not fully explain the rate of declining male reproductive health. Increasing evidence from human and animal studies suggests that exposure to chemicals found ubiquitously in the environment may in part play a role. Many studies on chemical exposure, however, have assessed the effects of exposure to individual environmental chemicals (ECs), usually at levels not relevant to everyday human exposure. There is a need for study models which reflect the \u2018real-life\u2019 nature of EC exposure. One such model is the biosolids-treated pasture (BTP) sheep model which utilises biosolids application to agricultural land to examine the effects of exposure to low-level mixtures of chemicals. Biosolids are the by-product of the treatment of wastewater from industrial and domestic sources and so their composition is reflective of the ECs to which humans are exposed. Over the last 20 years, the BTP sheep model has published multiple effects on offspring physiology including consistent effects on the male reproductive system in fetal, neonatal, juvenile, and adult offspring. This review focuses on the evidence from these studies which strongly suggests that low-level EC exposure during gestation can alter several components of the male reproductive system and highlights the BTP model as a more relevant model to study real-life EC exposure effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-24-0119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T10:23:32Z","timestamp":1717755812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["IMPACT OF REAL-LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES ON REPRODUCTION: Biosolids and male reproduction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3646-8989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Bellingham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity , One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7395-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity , One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712112846500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.002","article-title":"Urinary bisphenol A concentrations are associated with reproductive parameters in young men","volume":"161","author":"Adoamnei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2026010712112846500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0032-1","article-title":"A unique view on male infertility around the globe","volume":"13","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712112846500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.007","article-title":"Neural network integration of field observations for soil endocrine disruptor characterisation","volume":"468\u2013469","author":"Aitkenhead","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2026010712112846500_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.012","article-title":"Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and phthalates in healthy men living in the greater Montreal area: a study of hormonal balance and semen quality","volume":"116","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"2026010712112846500_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108190","article-title":"Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility","volume":"308","author":"Anway","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026010712112846500_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.034","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to phthalates and phenols and infant endocrine-sensitive outcomes: the MIREC study","volume":"120","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"2026010712112846500_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6673.564","article-title":"Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease","volume":"298","author":"Barker","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026010712112846500_bib8","author":"BAS","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosolids Agricultural Good Practice Guidance Leaflet. 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