{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:10:27Z","timestamp":1780071027611,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":386,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>In brief<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Animal studies are needed to inform clinical guidance on the effects of testosterone gender-affirming hormone therapy (T-GAHT) on fertility. This review summarizes current animal models of T-GAHT and identifies gaps in knowledge for future study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Testosterone gender affirming hormone therapy (T-GAHT) is frequently used by transgender and gender-diverse individuals assigned female at birth to establish masculinizing characteristics. Although many seek parenthood, particularly as a gestational parent or through surrogacy, the current standard guidance of fertility counseling for individuals on testosterone (T) lacks clarity. At this time, individuals are typically recommended to undergo fertility preservation or stop treatment, associating T-therapy with a loss of fertility; however, there is an absence of consistent information regarding the true fertility potential for transgender and gender-diverse adults and adolescents. This review evaluates recent studies that utilize animal models of T-GAHT to relate to findings from clinical studies, with a more specific focus on fertility. Relevant literature based on murine models in post- and pre-pubertal populations has suggested reversibility of the impacts of T-GAHT, alone or following gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), on reproduction. These studies reported changes in clitoral area and ovarian morphology, including corpora lutea, follicle counts, and ovarian weights from T-treated mice. Future studies should aim to determine the impact of the duration of T-treatment and cessation on fertility outcomes, as well as establish animal models that are clinically representative of these outcomes with respect to gender diverse populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-24-0163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T10:27:41Z","timestamp":1724754461000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN TRANS AND GENDER DIVERSE PATIENTS: Effects of transmasculine gender-affirming hormone therapy on future reproductive capacity: clinical data, animal models, and gaps in knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9619-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Chan-Sui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-2455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin E","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8443-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasantha","family":"Padmanabhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9972-4938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly","family":"Moravek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biology Program , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Women's Heath , Henry Ford Health, Rochester Hills, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0159-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariella","family":"Shikanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biology Program , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi013","article-title":"Androgen excess fetal programming of female reproduction: a developmental aetiology for polycystic ovary syndrome?","volume":"11","author":"Abbott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01558-y","article-title":"Ovarian stimulation for fertility preservation or family building in a cohort of transgender men","volume":"36","author":"Adeleye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0530","article-title":"Androgen signaling pathways driving reproductive and metabolic phenotypes in a PCOS mouse model","volume":"245","author":"Aflatounian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.01.003","article-title":"Why fertility preservation rates of transgender men are much lower than those of transgender women","volume":"44","author":"Alpern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reproductive Biomedicine Online"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01902-7","article-title":"Ovarian stimulation outcomes among transgender men compared with fertile cisgender women","volume":"37","author":"Amir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-020-01815-5","article-title":"Oocyte retrieval outcomes among adolescent transgender males","volume":"37","author":"Amir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00826-1","article-title":"Behavioral and neurobiological effects of GnRH agonist treatment in mice\u2014potential implications for puberty suppression in transgender individuals","volume":"46","author":"Anacker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101440","article-title":"One-third of amenorrheic transmasculine people on testosterone ovulate","volume":"5","author":"Asseler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Reports. Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2022.0023","article-title":"Preservation of fertility in transgender men on long-term testosterone therapy: a systematic review of oocyte retrieval outcomes during and after exogenous androgen exposure","volume":"8","author":"Barrero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa282","article-title":"Short-term testosterone use in female mice does not impair fertilizability of eggs: implications for the fertility care of transgender males","volume":"36","author":"Bartels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2021.05.010","article-title":"Endocrinological and ovarian histological investigations in assigned female at birth transgender people undergoing testosterone therapy","volume":"43","author":"Borr\u00e1s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproductive Biomedicine Online"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0129","article-title":"Reproductive age-associated fibrosis in the stroma of the mammalian ovary","volume":"152","author":"Briley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2017.1352554","article-title":"Care of the transgender or gender-nonconforming patient undergoing in vitro fertilization","volume":"18","author":"Broughton","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Transgenderism"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib13a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex098","article-title":"Human Reproduction 32 1457\u20131464","author":"Caanen","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1292-4","article-title":"Oocyte cryopreservation among transmasculine youth: a case series","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.08.563","article-title":"Fertility preservation in a transgender man without prolonged discontinuation of testosterone: a case report and literature review","volume":"114","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dead068","article-title":"Characterization of ovarian tissue oocytes from transgender men reveals poor calcium release and embryo development, which might be overcome by spindle transfer","volume":"38","author":"Christodoulaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"issue":"Supplement1","key":"2026010712104410400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2022.2100644","article-title":"Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people, version 8","volume":"23","author":"Coleman","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Transgender Health"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13110","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13110","article-title":"Chronic androgen excess in female mice does not impact luteinizing hormone pulse frequency or putative GABAergic inputs to GnRH neurons","volume":"34","author":"Coyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2017.03.008","article-title":"Ovarian tissue cryopreservation in female-to-male transgender people: insights into ovarian histology and physiology after prolonged androgen treatment","volume":"34","author":"De Roo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reproductive Biomedicine Online"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib19a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01513-x","article-title":"Texture profile analysis reveals a stiffer ovarian cortex after testosterone therapy: a pilot study","author":"De Roo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics 36 1837\u20131843"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2958","article-title":"Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment","volume":"134","author":"de Vries","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac257","article-title":"A mouse model mimicking gender-affirming treatment with pubertal suppression followed by testosterone in transmasculine youth","volume":"38","author":"Dela Cruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2023.08.001","article-title":"In vitro fertilization outcomes in a mouse model of gender-affirming hormone therapy in transmasculine youth","volume":"4","author":"Dela Cruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"F&S Science"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4832","article-title":"Testosterone restores body composition, bone mass, and bone strength following early puberty suppression in a mouse model mimicking the clinical strategy in trans boys","volume":"38","author":"Dubois","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-007-9046-0","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and its developmental origins","volume":"8","author":"Dumesic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa191","article-title":"Androgen suppresses in vivo and in vitro LH pulse secretion and neural Kiss1 and Tac2 gene expression in female mice","volume":"161","author":"Esparza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xfre.2021.02.006","article-title":"Oocyte cryopreservation in a transgender man on long-term testosterone therapy: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Gale","year":"2021","journal-title":"F&S Reports"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad145","article-title":"Puberty suppression followed by testosterone therapy does not impair reproductive potential in female mice","volume":"164","author":"Godiwala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E540","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00161.2017","article-title":"Cross-sex testosterone therapy in ovariectomized mice: addition of low-dose estrogen preserves bone architecture","volume":"313","author":"Goetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00884","article-title":"Addition of estradiol to cross-sex testosterone therapy reduces atherosclerosis plaque formation in female ApoE-\/- mice","volume":"159","author":"Goetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aace.2021.06.007","article-title":"Successful in vitro fertilization in a cisgender female carrier using oocytes retrieved from a transgender man maintained on testosterone","volume":"8","author":"Greenwald","year":"2022","journal-title":"AACE Clinical Case Reports"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.12.021","article-title":"Uterine pathology in transmasculine persons on testosterone: a retrospective multicenter case series","volume":"220","author":"Grimstad","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2020.05.029","article-title":"Ovarian Histopathology in Transmasculine Persons on Testosterone: A Multicenter Case Series","author":"Grimstad","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib32a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2009.12.021","article-title":"Histology of genital tract and breast tissue after long-term testosterone administration in a female-to-male transsexual population","volume":"20","author":"Grynberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproductive Biomedicine Online"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib32b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.113879","article-title":"Daily GnRH agonist treatment effectively delayed puberty in female rats without long-term effects on sexual behavior or estrous cyclicity","volume":"254","author":"Guarraci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiology and Behavior"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00485-5","article-title":"Chronic periadolescent leuprolide exposure affects the development of reproductive physiology and behavior of female and male rats differently, but both mature after treatment termination","volume":"14","author":"Guarraci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology of Sex Differences"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2022.114090","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison of three delivery systems for subcutaneous testosterone administration in female mice","volume":"327","author":"Hashim","year":"2022","journal-title":"General and Comparative Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01658","article-title":"Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric\/gender-incongruent persons: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"102","author":"Hembree","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib36","first-page":"1","author":"Herman","year":"2022","journal-title":"How Many Adults  and Youth Identify as Transgender in the United States"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib36a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des385","article-title":"Excessive androgen exposure in female-to-male transsexual persons of reproductive age induces hyperplasia of the ovarian cortex and stroma but not polycystic ovary morphology","volume":"28","author":"Ikeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.12.004","article-title":"Fertility preservation for adolescent transgender male patients: a case series","volume":"66","author":"Insogna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2022.04.016","article-title":"Similar fertilization rates and preimplantation embryo development among testosterone-treated transgender men and cisgender women","volume":"45","author":"Israeli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reproductive Biomedicine Online"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib38a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1097\/PGP.0000000000000548","article-title":"Histologic Features of Hysterectomy Specimens From Female-Male Transgender Individuals","volume":"38","author":"Khalifa","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynaecological Pathology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dead158","article-title":"Reproductive capacity after gender-affirming testosterone therapy","volume":"38","author":"Kinnear","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez177","article-title":"A mouse model to investigate the impact of testosterone therapy on reproduction in transgender men","volume":"34","author":"Kinnear","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xfss.2021.01.008.Reversibility","article-title":"Reversibility of testosterone-induced acyclicity after testosterone cessation in a transgender mouse model","volume":"2","author":"Kinnear","year":"2021","journal-title":"F&S Science"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioad019","article-title":"Presence of ovarian stromal aberrations after cessation of testosterone therapy in a transgender mouse model","volume":"108","author":"Kinnear","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1107","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPENDO.00281.2020","article-title":"Virilizing doses of testosterone decrease circulating insulin levels and differentially regulate insulin signaling in liver and adipose tissue of females","volume":"320","author":"Kothmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.07.014","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology outcomes in female-to-male transgender patients compared with cisgender patients: a new frontier in reproductive medicine","volume":"112","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib44a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13495","volume":"48","author":"Lichtenecker","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-017-0976-5","article-title":"Fertility preservation for trans men: frozen-thawed in vitro matured oocytes collected at the time of ovarian tissue processing exhibit normal meiotic spindles","volume":"34","author":"Lierman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2016.03.004","article-title":"Uterine and ovarian changes during testosterone administration in young female-to-male transsexuals","volume":"55","author":"Loverro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2024.102549","article-title":"Fabrication of Silastic testosterone enanthate implants to achieve virilizing levels of serum testosterone in swine","volume":"12","author":"Mahabir","year":"2024","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.02.025","article-title":"Successful oocyte cryopreservation using letrozole as an adjunct to stimulation in a transgender adolescent after GnRH agonist suppression","volume":"116","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000537","article-title":"Fertility preservation options for transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals","volume":"31","author":"Moravek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dead003","article-title":"Management of testosterone around ovarian stimulation in transmasculine patients: challenging common practices to meet patient needs-2 case reports","volume":"38","author":"Moravek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14194","article-title":"Parenting intentions in transgender and gender-nonconforming adults","volume":"159","author":"Morong","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59122094","article-title":"Exploring hormone therapy effects on reproduction and health in transgender individuals","volume":"59","author":"Moustakli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2808","article-title":"Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperandrogenemia in female-to-male transsexuals","volume":"93","author":"Mueller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26334941231222120","DOI":"10.1177\/26334941231222120","article-title":"Barriers to fertility preservation access in transgender and gender diverse adolescents: a narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Nadgauda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Reproductive Health"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.12.012","article-title":"Low fertility preservation utilization among transgender youth","volume":"61","author":"Nahata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2013.05.004","article-title":"Animal models of the polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype","volume":"78","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx163","article-title":"Effects of adult female rat androgenization on brain morphology and metabolomic profile","volume":"28","author":"Perez-Laso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01380.x","article-title":"Effect of long-term testosterone administration on the endometrium of female-to-male (FtM) transsexuals","volume":"6","author":"Perrone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Medicine"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4688","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004688","article-title":"A novel mouse model for investigating the effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on surgical healing","volume":"10","author":"Reiche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H322","DOI":"10.1152\/AJPHEART.00182.2022","article-title":"Th17 cell-linked mechanisms mediate vascular dysfunction induced by testosterone in a mouse model of gender-affirming hormone therapy","volume":"323","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.07.013","article-title":"Impaired in vitro fertilization outcomes following testosterone treatment improve with washout in a mouse model of gender-affirming hormone treatment","volume":"229","author":"Schwartz","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib61a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03103-x","article-title":"Effect of the spatial-temporal specific theca cell Cyp17 overexpression on the reproductive phenotype of the novel TC17 mouse","author":"Secchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Translational Medicine 19 428."},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib61b","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2.1.13","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome: diagnosis and management","author":"Sheehan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Medicine & Research"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqac164","article-title":"Update on animal models of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"163","author":"Stener-Victorin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2023.102312","article-title":"Desire for children and fertility preservation in transgender and gender-diverse people: a systematic review","volume":"87","author":"Stolk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1071\/RD18459","article-title":"Removal of DHT can relieve polycystic ovarian but not metabolic abnormalities in DHT-induced hyperandrogenism in mice","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduction, Fertility, and Development"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312640","article-title":"Rodent model of gender-affirming hormone therapies as specific tool for identifying susceptibility and vulnerability of transgender people and future applications for risk assessment","volume":"18","author":"Tassinari","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.1.145","article-title":"The female-to-male transsexual patient: a source of human ovarian cortical tissue for experimental use","volume":"16","author":"Van den Broecke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab169","article-title":"Functional ovarian reserve in transgender men receiving testosterone therapy: evidence for preserved anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone and antral follicle count under prolonged treatment","volume":"36","author":"Yaish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712104410400_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15145","article-title":"Transgender man receiving testosterone treatment became pregnant and delivered a girl: a case report","volume":"48","author":"Yoshida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"}],"container-title":["Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/rep\/aop\/rep-24-0163\/rep-24-0163.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/rep\/aop\/rep-24-0163\/rep-24-0163.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/168\/5\/e240163\/64911998\/rep-24-0163.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/168\/5\/e240163\/64911998\/rep-24-0163.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T17:10:48Z","timestamp":1767805848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article\/doi\/10.1530\/REP-24-0163\/8217312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-24-0163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-1626","1741-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"article-number":"e240163"}}