{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:58:20Z","timestamp":1791341900627,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. The condition can have an enduring negative effect on women\u2019s reproductive health from menarche to menopause, although its impact can vary significantly. PCOS is associated with premature pubarche and a wider age range of menarche. Diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents remains challenging. Oligo\/anovulation is the most common feature of PCOS, and leads to subfertility. This may require induction of ovulation with medical therapies, such as oestrogen receptor antagonists, aromatase inhibitors or by giving exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone, which are effective for most women with PCOS. Pregnancy in women with PCOS is associated with a higher risk of complications including gestational diabetes, particularly in those with obesity. Optimisation of pre-conception health, including weight management, is recommended in order to maximise fertility potential and improve pregnancy outcomes. The other key feature of PCOS is hyperandrogenism, which may contribute to ovulatory dysfunction and results in hirsutism and persistent acne, and also negatively impacts mental health, quality of life and psychosexual function. Women with PCOS may also have a later age of menopause, although longitudinal studies are lacking. This narrative review explores the impact of PCOS on women\u2019s reproductive health throughout their reproductive lifespan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-24-0485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T11:17:01Z","timestamp":1744802221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: ORIGINS AND IMPLICATIONS: The impact of polycystic ovary syndrome on reproductive health: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"169","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4256-3314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lisa Ann","family":"Owens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, St James\u2019s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3712-0335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen","family":"Franks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Reproductive & Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"bib2","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"4961","article-title":"Criteria for polycystic ovarian morphology in polycystic ovary syndrome as a function of age","volume":"94","author":"Alsamarai S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alsamarai S\n, \nAdams JM\n, \nMurphy MK\n, et al.\n 2009 Criteria for polycystic ovarian morphology in polycystic ovary syndrome as a function of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94 4961\u20134970. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-0839)"},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"2081","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome in overweight and obese women","volume":"166","author":"Alvarez-Blasco F","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alvarez-Blasco F\n, \nBotella-Carretero JI\n, \nSan Mill\u00e1n JL\n, et al.\n 2006 Prevalence and characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome in overweight and obese women. Arch Intern Med 166 2081\u20132086. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.19.2081)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"453","article-title":"Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients","volume":"89","author":"Azziz R","year":"2004","unstructured":"Azziz R\n, \nSanchez LA\n, \nKnochenhauer ES\n, et al.\n 2004 Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 453\u2013462. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-031122)"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"456","article-title":"The Androgen excess and PCOS society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report","volume":"91","author":"Azziz R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Azziz R\n, \nCarmina E\n, \nDewailly D\n, et al.\n 2009 The Androgen excess and PCOS society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril 91 456\u2013488. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.06.035)"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"2254","article-title":"Recommendations for epidemiologic and phenotypic research in polycystic ovary syndrome: an androgen excess and PCOS society resource","volume":"34","author":"Azziz R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azziz R\n, \nKintziger K\n, \nLi R\n, et al.\n 2019 Recommendations for epidemiologic and phenotypic research in polycystic ovary syndrome: an androgen excess and PCOS society resource. Hum Reprod 34 2254\u20132265. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dez185)"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Sci Sports","first-page":"565","article-title":"Effect of 12-week of aerobic exercise on hormones and lipid profile status in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: a study during COVID-19","volume":"38","author":"Babaei Bonab S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Babaei Bonab S\n & \nParvaneh M\n\n 2023 Effect of 12-week of aerobic exercise on hormones and lipid profile status in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome: a study during COVID-19. Sci Sports 38 565\u2013573. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scispo.2022.11.001)"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"2841","article-title":"The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Bozdag G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bozdag G\n, \nMumusoglu S\n, \nZengin D\n, et al.\n 2016 The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 31 2841\u20132855. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dew218)"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"E1967","article-title":"The severity of menstrual dysfunction as a predictor of insulin resistance in PCOS","volume":"98","author":"Brower M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brower M\n, \nBrennan K\n, \nPall M\n, et al.\n 2013 The severity of menstrual dysfunction as a predictor of insulin resistance in PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98 E1967\u2013E1971. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2013-2815)"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"1259","article-title":"The phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome ameliorates with aging","volume":"96","author":"Brown ZA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown ZA\n, \nLouwers YV\n, \nFong SL\n, et al.\n 2011 The phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome ameliorates with aging. Fertil Steril 96 1259\u20131265. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.09.002)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"661","article-title":"Use of fasting blood to assess the prevalence of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Carmina E","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carmina E\n & \nLobo RA\n\n 2004 Use of fasting blood to assess the prevalence of insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 82 661\u2013665. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.01.041)"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2","article-title":"Extensive clinical experience: relative prevalence of different androgen excess disorders in 950 women referred because of clinical hyperandrogenism","volume":"91","author":"Carmina E","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carmina E\n, \nRosato F\n, \nJann\u00ec A\n, et al.\n 2006 Extensive clinical experience: relative prevalence of different androgen excess disorders in 950 women referred because of clinical hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 2\u20136. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2005-1457)"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"263","article-title":"A 20-year follow-up of young women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Carmina E","year":"2012a","unstructured":"Carmina E\n, \nCampagna AM\n & \nLobo RA\n\n 2012a A 20-year follow-up of young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 119 263\u2013269. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0b013e31823f7135)"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Does the level of serum antim\u00fcllerian hormone predict ovulatory function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome with aging?","volume":"98","author":"Carmina E","year":"2012b","unstructured":"Carmina E\n, \nCampagna AM\n, \nMansuet P\n, et al.\n 2012b Does the level of serum antim\u00fcllerian hormone predict ovulatory function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome with aging? Fertil Steril 98 1043\u20131046. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.06.017)"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"459","article-title":"Environmental and genetic factors influence age at menarche in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Carroll J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carroll J\n, \nSaxena R\n & \nWelt CK\n\n 2012 Environmental and genetic factors influence age at menarche in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 25 459\u2013466. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem-2012-0047)"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"2619","article-title":"Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies","volume":"31","author":"Cassar S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cassar S\n, \nMisso ML\n, \nHopkins WG\n, et al.\n 2016 Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies. Hum Reprod 31 2619\u20132631. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dew243)"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"1717","article-title":"Phenotypic spectrum of polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and biochemical characterization of the three major clinical subgroups","volume":"83","author":"Chang WY","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chang WY\n, \nKnochenhauer ES\n, \nBartolucci AA\n, et al.\n 2005 Phenotypic spectrum of polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical and biochemical characterization of the three major clinical subgroups. Fertil Steril 83 1717\u20131723. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.01.096)"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"785","article-title":"Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Cibula D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cibula D\n, \nC\u00edfkov\u00e1 R\n, \nFanta M\n, et al.\n 2000 Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 15 785\u2013789. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/15.4.785)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"1502","article-title":"Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment","volume":"13","author":"Clark AM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clark AM\n, \nThornley B\n, \nTomlinson L\n, et al.\n 1998 Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum Reprod 13 1502\u20131505. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/13.6.1502)"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"467","article-title":"The international society for the study of women\u2019s sexual health process of care for management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women","volume":"93","author":"Clayton AH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clayton AH\n, \nGoldstein I\n, \nKim NN\n, et al.\n 2018 The international society for the study of women\u2019s sexual health process of care for management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women. Mayo Clin Proc 93 467\u2013487. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.11.002)"},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol","first-page":"459","article-title":"Heterogeneity of the polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical, endocrine and ultrasound features in 556 patients","volume":"30","author":"Conway GS","year":"1989","unstructured":"Conway GS\n, \nHonour JW\n & \nJacobs HS\n\n 1989 Heterogeneity of the polycystic ovary syndrome: clinical, endocrine and ultrasound features in 556 patients. Clin Endocrinol 30 459\u2013470. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00446.x)"},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Diabetes","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Dunaif A","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dunaif A\n, \nSegal KR\n, \nFutterweit W\n, et al.\n 1989 Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes 38 1165\u20131174. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.38.9.1165)"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Int J Fertil Steril","first-page":"42","article-title":"Effect of laparoscopic ovarian drilling on outcomes of in vitro fertilization in clomiphene-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Eftekhar M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eftekhar M\n, \nDeghani Firoozabadi R\n, \nKhani P\n, et al.\n 2016 Effect of laparoscopic ovarian drilling on outcomes of in vitro fertilization in clomiphene-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Fertil Steril 10 42\u201347. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22074\/ijfs.2016.4767)"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"24","article-title":"Women with polycystic ovary syndrome gain regular menstrual cycles when ageing","volume":"15","author":"Elting MW","year":"2000","unstructured":"Elting MW\n, \nKorsen TJ\n, \nRekers-Mombarg LT\n, et al.\n 2000 Women with polycystic ovary syndrome gain regular menstrual cycles when ageing. Hum Reprod 15 24\u201328. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/15.1.24)"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"1154","article-title":"Aging women with polycystic ovary syndrome who achieve regular menstrual cycles have a smaller follicle cohort than those who continue to have irregular cycles","volume":"79","author":"Elting MW","year":"2003","unstructured":"Elting MW\n, \nKwee J\n, \nKorsen TJ\n, et al.\n 2003 Aging women with polycystic ovary syndrome who achieve regular menstrual cycles have a smaller follicle cohort than those who continue to have irregular cycles. Fertil Steril 79 1154\u20131160. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0015-0282(03)00152-3)"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Diabetes Care","first-page":"1589","article-title":"Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on glucose and insulin concentrations. PEPI investigators. Postmenopausal estrogen\/progestin interventions","volume":"21","author":"Espeland MA","year":"1998","unstructured":"Espeland MA\n, \nHogan PE\n, \nFineberg SE\n, et al.\n 1998 Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on glucose and insulin concentrations. PEPI investigators. Postmenopausal estrogen\/progestin interventions. Diabetes Care 21 1589\u20131595. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.21.10.1589)"},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Ir J Psychol Med","first-page":"In press","article-title":"A prospective study of antenatal anxiety and depression in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome","author":"Floyd R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Floyd R\n, \nHughes N\n, \nO\u2019Sullivan L\n, et al\n. 2024 A prospective study of antenatal anxiety and depression in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ir J Psychol Med [In press]. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ipm.2024.56)"},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand","first-page":"320","article-title":"Higher menopausal age but no differences in parity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared with controls","volume":"98","author":"Forslund M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Forslund M\n, \nLandin-Wilhelmsen K\n, \nSchmidt J\n, et al.\n 2019 Higher menopausal age but no differences in parity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared with controls. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 98 320\u2013326. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aogs.13489)"},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"421","article-title":"Reproductive hormones and anthropometry: a follow-up of PCOS and controls from perimenopause to older than 80 years","volume":"106","author":"Forslund M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Forslund M\n, \nSchmidt J\n, \nBr\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m M\n, et al.\n 2021 Reproductive hormones and anthropometry: a follow-up of PCOS and controls from perimenopause to older than 80 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106 421\u2013430. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa840)"},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"Hum Reprod Update","first-page":"367","article-title":"Follicle dynamics and anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Franks S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Franks S\n, \nStark J\n & \nHardy K\n\n 2008 Follicle dynamics and anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 14 367\u2013378. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmn028)"},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Am J Public Health","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race\/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women\u2019s health across the nation","volume":"96","author":"Gold EB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gold EB\n, \nColvin A\n, \nAvis N\n, et al.\n 2006 Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race\/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women\u2019s health across the nation. Am J Public Health 96 1226\u20131235. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2005.066936)"},{"key":"bib32","series-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis","first-page":"199","article-title":"The epidemiology of coronary heart disease and estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women","volume":"38","author":"Grodstein F","year":"1995","unstructured":"Grodstein F\n & \nStampfer M\n\n 1995 The epidemiology of coronary heart disease and estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 38 199\u2013210. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0033-0620(95)80012-3)"},{"key":"bib33","series-title":"Maturitas","first-page":"19","article-title":"Estrogen for women at varying risk of coronary disease","volume":"30","author":"Grodstein F","year":"1998","unstructured":"Grodstein F\n & \nStampfer MJ\n\n 1998 Estrogen for women at varying risk of coronary disease. Maturitas 30 19\u201326. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-5122(98)00055-3)"},{"key":"bib34","series-title":"Hum Reprod Update","first-page":"171","article-title":"Exercise therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Harrison CL","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harrison CL\n, \nLombard CB\n, \nMoran LJ\n, et al.\n 2011 Exercise therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 17 171\u2013183. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmq045)"},{"key":"bib35","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: reproductive outcome and ovarian reserve","volume":"24","author":"Hudecova M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hudecova M\n, \nHolte J\n, \nOlovsson M\n, et al.\n 2009 Long-term follow-up of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: reproductive outcome and ovarian reserve. Hum Reprod 24 1176\u20131183. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/den482)"},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"Saudi Pharm J","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and abnormal menstrual cycle in Saudi females with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Hussein K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussein K\n & \nKarami M\n\n 2023 Association between insulin resistance and abnormal menstrual cycle in Saudi females with polycystic ovary syndrome. Saudi Pharm J 31 1104\u20131108. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.03.021)"},{"key":"bib37","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Postpubertal outcome in girls diagnosed of premature pubarche during childhood: increased frequency of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism","volume":"76","author":"Iba\u00f1ez L","year":"1993","unstructured":"Iba\u00f1ez L\n, \nPotau N\n, \nVirdis R\n, et al.\n 1993 Postpubertal outcome in girls diagnosed of premature pubarche during childhood: increased frequency of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76 1599\u20131603. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.76.6.8501168)"},{"key":"bib38","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"117","article-title":"Early puberty-menarche after precocious pubarche: relation to prenatal growth","volume":"117","author":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez L","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez L\n, \nJim\u00e9nez R\n & \nDe Zegher F\n\n 2006 Early puberty-menarche after precocious pubarche: relation to prenatal growth. Pediatrics 117 117\u2013121. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2005-0664)"},{"key":"bib39","series-title":"Ginekol Pol","first-page":"643","article-title":"Prevalence and diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents \u2013 what's new in 2023? Systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Jakubowska-Kowal KM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jakubowska-Kowal KM\n, \nSkrzynska KJ\n & \nGawlik-Starzyk AM\n\n 2024 Prevalence and diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents \u2013 what's new in 2023? Systematic review. Ginekol Pol 95 643\u2013649. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/gpl.98849)"},{"key":"bib72","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"e3847","article-title":"Ultrasound Characterization of Disordered Antral Follicle Development in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Jarrett BY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jarrett BY\n, \nVanden Brink H\n, \nOldfield AL\n, et al\n. 2020 Ultrasound Characterization of Disordered Antral Follicle Development in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105 e3847\u2013e3861. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa515)"},{"key":"bib40","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"208","article-title":"Is the fertile window extended in women with polycystic ovary syndrome? Utilizing the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry to assess the impact of reproductive aging on live-birth rate","volume":"100","author":"Kalra SK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kalra SK\n, \nRatcliffe SJ\n & \nDokras A\n\n 2013 Is the fertile window extended in women with polycystic ovary syndrome? Utilizing the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry to assess the impact of reproductive aging on live-birth rate. Fertil Steril 100 208\u2013213. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.02.055)"},{"key":"bib41","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Psychological distress is more prevalent in fertile age and premenopausal women with PCOS symptoms: 15-year follow-up","volume":"102","author":"Karjula S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karjula S\n, \nMorin-Papunen L\n, \nAuvinen J\n, et al.\n 2017 Psychological distress is more prevalent in fertile age and premenopausal women with PCOS symptoms: 15-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102 1861\u20131869. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2016-3863)"},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol","first-page":"213","article-title":"Differences in clinical and endocrine features between obese and non-obese subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome: an analysis of 263 consecutive cases","volume":"32","author":"Kiddy DS","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kiddy DS\n, \nSharp PS\n, \nWhite DM\n, et al.\n 1990 Differences in clinical and endocrine features between obese and non-obese subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome: an analysis of 263 consecutive cases. Clin Endocrinol 32 213\u2013220. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00857.x)"},{"key":"bib43","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"5305","article-title":"Total testosterone assays in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: precision and correlation with hirsutism","volume":"95","author":"Legro RS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Legro RS\n, \nSchlaff WD\n, \nDiamond MP\n, et al.\n 2010 Total testosterone assays in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: precision and correlation with hirsutism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 5305\u20135313. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-1123)"},{"key":"bib44","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"2856","article-title":"Common diseases as determinants of menopausal age","volume":"31","author":"Li J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li J\n, \nEriksson M\n, \nCzene K\n, et al.\n 2016 Common diseases as determinants of menopausal age. Hum Reprod 31 2856\u20132864. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dew264)"},{"key":"bib45","series-title":"BMC Endocr Disord","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effects of hormone replacement therapy on glucose and lipid metabolism in peri- and postmenopausal women with a history of menstrual disorders","volume":"21","author":"Li S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li S\n, \nMa L\n, \nSong Y\n, et al.\n 2021 Effects of hormone replacement therapy on glucose and lipid metabolism in peri- and postmenopausal women with a history of menstrual disorders. BMC Endocr Disord 21 121. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-021-00784-9)"},{"key":"bib46","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"623","article-title":"Hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome persists after menopause","volume":"96","author":"Markopoulos MC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Markopoulos MC\n, \nRizos D\n, \nValsamakis G\n, et al.\n 2011 Hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome persists after menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 623\u2013631. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-0130)"},{"key":"bib1","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"199","article-title":"Effects of estrogen or estrogen\/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen\/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial","volume":"273","author":"Miller VT","year":"1995","unstructured":"Miller VT\n, \nLaRosa J\n, \nBarnabei V\n, et al\n. 1995 Effects of estrogen or estrogen\/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen\/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. JAMA 273 199\u2013208. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1995.03520270033028)"},{"key":"bib47","series-title":"Climacteric","first-page":"29","article-title":"Prediction of age at menopause in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Minooee S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Minooee S\n, \nRamezani Tehrani F\n, \nRahmati M\n, et al.\n 2018 Prediction of age at menopause in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Climacteric 21 29\u201334. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13697137.2017.1392501)"},{"key":"bib48","series-title":"Circulation","first-page":"e38","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American heart association","volume":"133","author":"Mozaffarian D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mozaffarian D\n, \nBenjamin EJ\n, \nGo AS\n, et al.\n 2016 Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American heart association. Circulation 133 e38\u2013e360. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000350)"},{"key":"bib49","series-title":"BMC Womens Health","first-page":"637","article-title":"The impact of a lifestyle promotion program on anthropometric and clinical manifestations in adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Nahidi F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nahidi F\n, \nRamezani Tehrani F\n, \nGhodsi D\n, et al.\n 2024 The impact of a lifestyle promotion program on anthropometric and clinical manifestations in adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Womens Health 24 637. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03455-8)"},{"key":"bib50","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"2230","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction in women with PCOS: a case control study","volume":"38","author":"Pastoor H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pastoor H\n, \nBoth S\n, \nLaan ETM\n, et al.\n 2023 Sexual dysfunction in women with PCOS: a case control study. Hum Reprod 38 2230\u20132238. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dead193)"},{"key":"bib51","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"3400","article-title":"Androgen profile through life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a nordic multicenter collaboration study","volume":"100","author":"Pinola P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinola P\n, \nPiltonen TT\n, \nPuurunen J\n, et al.\n 2015 Androgen profile through life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a nordic multicenter collaboration study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100 3400\u20133407. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-2123)"},{"key":"bib52","series-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med","first-page":"521","article-title":"Primary amenorrhea as a manifestation of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescents: a unique subgroup?","volume":"162","author":"Rachmiel M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rachmiel M\n, \nKives S\n, \nAtenafu E\n, et al.\n 2008 Primary amenorrhea as a manifestation of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescents: a unique subgroup? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162 521\u2013525. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.162.6.521)"},{"key":"bib53","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"19","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group\n 2004 Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 81 19\u201325. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004)"},{"key":"bib54","series-title":"J Gen Intern Med","first-page":"791","article-title":"Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Salpeter SR","year":"2004","unstructured":"Salpeter SR\n, \nWalsh JM\n, \nGreyber E\n, et al.\n 2004 Mortality associated with hormone replacement therapy in younger and older women: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 19 791\u2013804. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2004.30281.x)"},{"key":"bib55","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2489","article-title":"Bariatric surgery for spontaneous ovulation in women living with polycystic ovary syndrome: the BAMBINI multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"403","author":"Samarasinghe SNS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samarasinghe SNS\n, \nLeca B\n, \nAlabdulkader S\n, et al.\n 2024 Bariatric surgery for spontaneous ovulation in women living with polycystic ovary syndrome: the BAMBINI multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 403 2489\u20132503. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00538-5)"},{"key":"bib56","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2178","article-title":"Reproductive hormone levels and anthropometry in postmenopausal women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a 21-year follow-up study of women diagnosed with PCOS around 50 years ago and their age-matched controls","volume":"96","author":"Schmidt J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmidt J\n, \nBr\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m M\n, \nLandin-Wilhelmsen K\n, et al.\n 2011 Reproductive hormone levels and anthropometry in postmenopausal women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a 21-year follow-up study of women diagnosed with PCOS around 50 years ago and their age-matched controls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 2178\u20132185. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-2959)"},{"key":"bib57","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","first-page":"383","article-title":"Weight and age at menarche","volume":"64","author":"Stark O","year":"1989","unstructured":"Stark O\n, \nPeckham CS\n & \nMoynihan C\n\n 1989 Weight and age at menarche. Arch Dis Child 64 383\u2013387. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.64.3.383)"},{"key":"bib58","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"777","article-title":"Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have intrinsic insulin resistance on euglycaemic-hyperinsulaemic clamp","volume":"28","author":"Stepto NK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stepto NK\n, \nCassar S\n, \nJoham AE\n, et al.\n 2013 Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have intrinsic insulin resistance on euglycaemic-hyperinsulaemic clamp. Hum Reprod 28 777\u2013784. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/des463)"},{"key":"bib59","series-title":"BMC Womens Health","first-page":"364","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome elevates the distress of sexual pain in Iranian women with infertility","volume":"24","author":"Tahmasbi B","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tahmasbi B\n, \nEshraghi R\n, \nAmini-Tehrani M\n, et al.\n 2024 Polycystic ovarian syndrome elevates the distress of sexual pain in Iranian women with infertility. BMC Womens Health 24 364. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03181-1)"},{"key":"bib60","series-title":"Eur J Endocrinol","first-page":"G43","article-title":"Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"189","author":"Teede HJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teede HJ\n, \nTay CT\n, \nLaven JJE\n, et al.\n 2023 Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 189 G43\u2013G64. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad096)"},{"key":"bib61","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Is polycystic ovary syndrome an exception for reproductive aging?","volume":"25","author":"Tehrani FR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tehrani FR\n, \nSolaymani-Dodaran M\n, \nHedayati M\n, et al.\n 2010 Is polycystic ovary syndrome an exception for reproductive aging? Hum Reprod 25 1775\u20131781. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deq088)"},{"key":"bib62","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"766","article-title":"Gains in body fat and vasomotor symptom reporting over the menopausal transition: the study of women's health across the nation","volume":"170","author":"Thurston RC","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thurston RC\n, \nSowers MR\n, \nSternfeld B\n, et al.\n 2009 Gains in body fat and vasomotor symptom reporting over the menopausal transition: the study of women's health across the nation. Am J Epidemiol 170 766\u2013774. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwp203)"},{"key":"bib63","series-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol","first-page":"87","article-title":"Evaluation of ovarian functionality after a dietary treatment in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Tolino A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tolino A\n, \nGambardella V\n, \nCaccavale C\n, et al.\n 2005 Evaluation of ovarian functionality after a dietary treatment in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 119 87\u201393. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.06.043)"},{"key":"bib64","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"1059","article-title":"Changes in individual polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypical characteristics over time: a long-term follow-up study","volume":"117","author":"Van Keizerswaard J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van Keizerswaard J\n, \nDietz De Loos ALP\n, \nLouwers YV\n, et al.\n 2022 Changes in individual polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypical characteristics over time: a long-term follow-up study. Fertil Steril 117 1059\u20131066. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.01.014)"},{"key":"bib65","series-title":"Ann Endocrinol","first-page":"45","article-title":"Ageing and reproduction: is polycystic ovary syndrome an exception?","volume":"68","author":"Vulpoi C","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vulpoi C\n, \nLecomte C\n, \nGuilloteau D\n, et al.\n 2007 Ageing and reproduction: is polycystic ovary syndrome an exception? Ann Endocrinol 68 45\u201350. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ando.2006.12.005)"},{"key":"bib66","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"239","article-title":"ABC of mental health. Psychosexual problems","volume":"315","author":"Watson JP","year":"1997","unstructured":"Watson JP\n & \nDavies T\n\n 1997 ABC of mental health. Psychosexual problems. BMJ 315 239\u2013242. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.315.7102.239)"},{"key":"bib68","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"2339","article-title":"Irregular menstruation and hyperandrogenaemia in adolescence are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility in later life: northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study","volume":"29","author":"West S","year":"2014a","unstructured":"West S\n, \nLashen H\n, \nBloigu A\n, et al.\n 2014a Irregular menstruation and hyperandrogenaemia in adolescence are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome and infertility in later life: northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study. Hum Reprod 29 2339\u20132351. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deu200)"},{"key":"bib69","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"628","article-title":"The impact of self-reported oligo-amenorrhea and hirsutism on fertility and lifetime reproductive success: results from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966","volume":"29","author":"West S","year":"2014b","unstructured":"West S\n, \nVahasarja M\n, \nBloigu A\n, et al.\n 2014b The impact of self-reported oligo-amenorrhea and hirsutism on fertility and lifetime reproductive success: results from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Hum Reprod 29 628\u2013633. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/det437)"},{"key":"bib70","series-title":"Reproduction","first-page":"F1","article-title":"Low-dose gonadotropin induction of ovulation in anovulatory women: still needed in the age of IVF","volume":"156","author":"White DM","year":"2018","unstructured":"White DM\n, \nHardy K\n, \nLovelock S\n, et al.\n 2018 Low-dose gonadotropin induction of ovulation in anovulatory women: still needed in the age of IVF. Reproduction 156 F1\u2013F10. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-17-0697)"},{"key":"bib71","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"e899","article-title":"Causes and consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome: insights from mendelian randomization","volume":"107","author":"Zhu T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu T\n & \nGoodarzi MO\n\n 2022 Causes and consequences of polycystic ovary syndrome: insights from mendelian randomization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107 e899\u2013e911. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab757)"}],"container-title":["Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/rep\/169\/5\/REP-24-0485.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/rep\/169\/5\/REP-24-0485.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/rep\/169\/5\/REP-24-0485.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T23:03:23Z","timestamp":1767567803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/rep\/169\/5\/REP-24-0485.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-24-0485","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-1626","1741-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]}}}