{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:46:59Z","timestamp":1788490019714,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GGPM-2022-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GGPM-2022-031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>In brief<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Numerous studies have examined the impact of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on the testes, highlighting concerns about its potential effects on male fertility. This study extends the investigation beyond the testes to include the epididymis, seminal vesicle and coagulating gland, providing a more comprehensive understanding of how 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi influences the male reproductive system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Numerous studies have documented the effect of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on the testes and sperm quality. Nevertheless, detailed histological alterations of other male reproductive organs are underexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate detailed histological alterations of the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle, coagulating organ and sperm parameters following 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure. Eighteen adult male Sprague Dawley rats (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 18) were equally divided into three groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6): control, 4 h and 24 h groups. The groups were exposed to an active router daily for 4 or 24 h, respectively. The control group was sham-exposed using an inactive router. The exposure lasted for 8 weeks at a 20 cm distance, with a power density of 0.141 W\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and a specific absorption rate of 0.41 W\/Kg. Histological findings revealed vacuolation in the testes and the corpus epididymis of the 4 and 24 h groups. The seminal vesicle in both exposed groups exhibited multifocal atypical hyperplasia. Besides, the seminiferous tubule diameter decreased gradually in both exposed groups, with a substantial decrease in the 24 h group. The spermatogenesis index in 4 and 24 h groups also reduced significantly. The latter result was reflected in the sperm concentration, where both groups showed a significant reduction compared to the control group. Sperm motility also decreased significantly in the 4 h groups. Interestingly, there was a substantial increase in sperm viability in the 24 h group. These findings indicate that 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure causes changes in the histology and histomorphometry measurement and impairs important sperm parameters. This highlights the consequences following Wi-Fi exposure on male reproductive health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-25-0048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T11:09:56Z","timestamp":1744024196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Histomorphometry and sperm quality in male rats exposed to 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Sivasatyan","family":"Vijay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Fatimah","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khairul","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Program, Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic, & Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aini Farzana","family":"Zulkefli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Farisyam","family":"Mat Ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norazurashima","family":"Jamaludin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science Program, Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic, & Investigative Studies (CODTIS), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Muhamad Asyraf","family":"Syed Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atikah","family":"Hairulazam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7645-3805","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farah Hanan Fathihah","family":"Jaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study","volume":"92","author":"Agarwal A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Agarwal A\n, \nDesai NR\n, \nMakker K\n, et al.\n 2009 Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study. 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