{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:59:04Z","timestamp":1791269944181,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]],"date-time":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The amount of research into endocrine disruption has exploded over the past decade and a re-evaluation of the state of research in this area is timely. There are debates about whether human male reproductive health is really declining and whether endocrine disrupting chemicals play any role in the perceived decline. Most data currently conclude that there are wide geographical variations in semen quality and in the incidence of testicular cancer, cryptorchidism and hypospadias. This review aims to give a brief overview of the issues surrounding the perceived decline in human male reproductive health and the importance of the hormonal environment for the development of the testis and reproductive tract. The consequences for the male reproductive tract of abnormal androgen levels or action are discussed with reference to environmental anti-androgenic compounds. The in vivo data on several anti-androgenic compounds that have been administered to pregnant rodents during the period of male reproductive tract development are assessed with attention to the effects on the male offspring. Finally, the data on in utero phthalate administration are discussed in detail to illustrate the similarities between the effects of some phthalate esters and the human male reproductive tract disorders which comprise testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]],"date-time":"2004-03-11T14:23:42Z","timestamp":1079015022000},"page":"305-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":358,"title":["Environmental anti-androgens and male reproductive health: focus on phthalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Jane S","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of London, School of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 29\u201339 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010712590344100_ADAMI-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910590108","volume":"59","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_AMARAL-MENDES-2002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00018-2","volume":"40","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_ANDERSEN-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.2.366","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_BERGSTROM-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.11.727","volume":"88","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the National Cancer Institute"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_BLOUNT-ETAL-2000","first-page":"979","volume":"108","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_BONDE-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10514-1","volume":"352","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_BRYAN-ETAL-1986","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400042247","volume":"66","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_CAPEL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00327-5","volume":"92","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mechanisms of Development"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_CARLSEN-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6854.609","volume":"305","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_CORTES-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2003.11101051.x","volume":"111","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_FISHER-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg273","volume":"18","year":"2003","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_GRAY-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379901500109","volume":"15","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicology and Industrial Health"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_GRAY-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/58.2.350","volume":"58","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_GRAY-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.3.248","volume":"7","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction Update"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_HOEI-HANSEN-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1372","volume":"200","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_HOLM-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1309","volume":"199","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Patholology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_HOSIE-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072381","volume":"10","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Journal of Pediatric Surgery"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_IPCS-2002","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_IRVINE-1994","first-page":"476","volume":"309","year":"1994","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_JORGENSEN-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.1012","volume":"16","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_KAVLOCK-ETAL-2002A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00029-1","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_KAVLOCK-ETAL-2002B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00032-1","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_KAVLOCK-ETAL-2002C","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00034-5","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_KAVLOCK-ETAL-2002D","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00033-3","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_KELCE-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/375581a0","volume":"375","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_KOOPMAN-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00287-1","volume":"11","year":"2001","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_KOOPMAN-ETAL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/348450a0","volume":"348","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_LI-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8550","volume":"153","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_MCINTYRE-ETAL-2002A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/65.1.62","volume":"65","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_MCINTYRE-ETAL-2002B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00010-2","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_MCKINNELL-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02186.x","volume":"22","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_MYLCHREEST-FOSTER-2000","first-page":"174","volume":"168","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_MYLCHREEST-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/43.1.47","volume":"43","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_MYLCHREEST-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8643","volume":"156","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_MYLCHREEST-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/55.1.143","volume":"55","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_MYLCHREEST-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00201-5","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproductive Toxicology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_NELLEMANN-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/71.2.251","volume":"71","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_PARKS-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/58.2.339","volume":"58","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_PAULOZZI-1999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107297","volume":"107","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_PAYNE-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108983","volume":"108","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_PIERIK-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.4.1112","volume":"17","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_RAJAPAKSE-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110917","volume":"110","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_RAJPERT-DE-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2003.11101301.x","volume":"111","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_RIVAS-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4797","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220531","volume":"143","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_RIVAS-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2003.tb02707.x","volume":"24","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SEER-2003","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SHARPE-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2003.00367.x","volume":"26","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Andrology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SHARPE-SKAKKEBAEK-1993","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90953-E","volume":"341","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SHARPE-FRANKS-2002","first-page":"S33","volume":"4","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SHARPE-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1250769","volume":"125","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SILVA-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1021\/es0101227","volume":"36","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SKAKKEBAEK-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972","volume":"16","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SKAKKEBAEK-ETAL-2003","first-page":"1","volume":"111","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_STILLMAN-1982","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)32540-6","volume":"142","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SWAN-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.971051228","volume":"105","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SWAN-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108961","volume":"108","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SWAN-ETAL-2003A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5927","volume":"111","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_SWAN-ETAL-2003B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6417","volume":"111","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_TOPPARI-ETAL-1996","first-page":"741","volume":"104","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_WILSON-1978","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.40.030178.001431","volume":"40","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annual Review of Physiology"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_WOLF-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/55.1.152","volume":"55","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_WORLD-ETAL-1992","year":"1992"},{"key":"2026010712590344100_YOU-ETAL-1998","first-page":"162","volume":"45","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicological Sciences"}],"container-title":["Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/rep.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/rep\/127\/3\/1270305.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/127\/3\/305\/64605539\/1270305.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article-pdf\/127\/3\/305\/64605539\/1270305.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T18:08:19Z","timestamp":1767809299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/reproduction\/article\/127\/3\/305\/8251949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep.1.00025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1470-1626","1741-7899"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1470-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-7899","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]]}}}