{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T17:32:21Z","timestamp":1787851941481,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rep.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Genital tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria induce abortion and are one of the most common complications of human pregnancy. This study was carried out to decipher the mechanism of gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pregnancy loss, using a mouse (Park strain) model. Since many of the biological effects of LPS are mediated by interleukin (IL)-1\u03b1, the role of IL-1\u03b1 in LPS-induced pregnancy loss was studied. Pregnant female animals were injected intra-peritoneally (i.p.) with different doses (1 to 50 \u03bcg) of LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re-595, on day 0.5 of pregnancy. We found that 250 \u03bcg\/kg body weight (i.e. 5 \u03bcg\/female mouse) of LPS when given on day 0.5 of pregnancy was the \u2018minimum dose\u2019 (MD) required to completely inhibit the implantation of the blastocyst in the mouse. The effect of this dose on the pathophysiology of the various reproductive organs (i.e. uterus, ectoplacental cones, developing fetus, ovaries etc.) was assessed on day 14 of pregnancy. The effects of this dose on the level and pattern of expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1\u03b1 in the maternal uterine horns and preimplantation stage embryos were studied by RT-PCR. A single dose (100 ng\/mouse) of recombinant mouse IL-1\u03b1 was given i.p. to pregnant females on day 1 of pregnancy to study its effect on implantation. Our results show that treatment of the pregnant animals with LPS may alter cell proliferation and induce leukocyte infiltration, degeneration of luminal glandular epithelium, and hyperplasia in the various reproductive organs, and may also alter both embryonic and uterine IL-1\u03b1 expression. IL-1\u03b1 administration also caused implantation failure similar to that of LPS. The observations suggest that the determined MD of LPS may alter the expression of developmentally important proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1\u03b1, which could, in turn, inhibit the normal processes of blastocyst implantation. Therefore, it is proposed that the LPS-induced histopathological alterations in the various reproductive organs of pregnant animals could be mediated by IL-1\u03b1 and this may be one of the causes of failure of blastocyst implantation in the mouse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T17:02:33Z","timestamp":1088701353000},"page":"87-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A \u2018minimum dose\u2019 of lipopolysaccharide required for implantation failure: assessment of its effect on the maternal reproductive organs and interleukin-1\u03b1 expression in the mouse"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Kaushik","family":"Deb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Reproductive Immunology Laboratory, School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior- 474 011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madan M","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Delhi University, Delhi-110007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh K","family":"Jaiswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Reproductive Immunology Laboratory, School of Studies in Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior- 474 011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010713013531600_ARICI-ETAL-1995","first-page":"1908","volume":"80","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2026010713013531600_ATHANASSAKIS-ETAL-1999","first-page":"33","volume":"7","year":"1999","journal-title":"Developmental 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