{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T06:00:25Z","timestamp":1759384825754,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["erc.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PanNENs) are rare and clinically challenging entities. At the molecular level, PanNENs\u2019 genetic profile is well characterized, but there is limited knowledge regarding the contribution of the newly identified genes to tumor initiation and progression. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are the most versatile tool for studying the plethora of genetic variations influencing PanNENs\u2019 etiopathogenesis and behavior over time. In this review, we present the state of the art of the most relevant PanNEN GEMMs available and correlate their findings with the human neoplasms\u2019 counterparts. We discuss the historic GEMMs as the most used and with higher translational utility models. GEMMs with <jats:italic>Men1<\/jats:italic> and glucagon receptor gene germline alterations stand out as the most faithful models in recapitulating human disease; <jats:italic>RIP-Tag<\/jats:italic> models are unique models of early-onset, highly vascularized, invasive carcinomas. We also include a section of the most recent GEMMs that evaluate pathways related to cell cycle and apoptosis, Pi3k\/Akt\/mTOR, and Atrx\/Daxx. For the latter, their tumorigenic effect is heterogeneous. In particular, for Atrx\/Daxx, we will require more in-depth studies to evaluate their contribution; even though they are prevalent genetic events in PanNENs, they have low\/inexistent tumorigenic capacity <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic> in GEMMs. Researchers planning to use GEMMs can find a road map of the main clinical features in this review, presented as a guide that summarizes the chief milestones achieved. We identify pitfalls to overcome, concerning the novel designs and standardization of results, so that future models can replicate human disease more closely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/erc-22-0166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T16:42:08Z","timestamp":1664988128000},"page":"R191-R208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An update on genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7410-7869","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tiago Bordeira","family":"Gaspar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S \u2013 Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup \u2013 Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS \u2013 Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP \u2013 Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8597-3474","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S \u2013 Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup \u2013 Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP \u2013 Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-6998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paula","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S \u2013 Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup \u2013 Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP \u2013 Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-1427","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Vinagre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S \u2013 Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Ipatimup \u2013 Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"FMUP \u2013 Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Hormone and Metabolic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-870139","article-title":"Menin molecular interactions: insights into normal functions and tumorigenesis","volume":"37","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Agarwal SKKennedy PAScacheri PCNovotny EAHickman ABCerrato ARice TSMoore JBRao SJi Y2005Menin molecular interactions: insights into normal functions and tumorigenesis. 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