{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T05:54:59Z","timestamp":1771307699219,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["etj.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of thyroid nodules and the risk of thyroid cancer in patients with Graves\u2019 disease is uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid nodules and cancer in patients with Graves\u2019 disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Retrospective observational study of adult subjects with Graves' disease (positive autoantibodies thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs)) between 2017 and 2021 at our center was done. We evaluated the prevalence of thyroid nodules and cancer in this population and characterized the predictive factors for thyroid malignancy using linear and logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We evaluated a total of 539 patients with Graves' disease during a median follow-up of 3.3 years (25th\u201375th percentiles 1.5\u20135.2 years). Fifty-three percent had thyroid nodules and 18 (3.3%) were diagnosed with thyroid cancer (12 papillary microcarcinomas). All tumors were classified using TNM classification as T1, and only one had lymph node metastasis; there were no recordings of distant metastasis. Sex, age, body mass index, smoking, TSH, and TRAbs levels were not significantly different between patients with and without thyroid cancer. Patients with multiple nodules on ultrasound (OR 1.61, 95%CI 1.04\u20132.49) and with larger nodules (OR 2.96, 95%CI 1.08\u20138.14, for 10 mm increase in size) had a greater risk of thyroid cancer diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with Graves\u2019 disease had a high prevalence of thyroid nodules and their nodules had a significant risk of thyroid cancer. The risk was higher in those with multiple and larger nodules. Most had low-grade papillary thyroid cancer. More studies are needed to clarify the clinical relevance of these findings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/etj-23-0055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T18:03:15Z","timestamp":1685124195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The role of Graves\u2019 disease in the development of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4302-3918","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marta Nascimento","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2929-3751","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marta","family":"Borges-Canha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine from the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Celestino","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o S\u00e9rgio","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine from the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Research Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","first-page":"1552","article-title":"Graves' disease","volume":"375","author":"Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith TJ & Heged\u00fcs L. 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