{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T15:58:08Z","timestamp":1765382288068,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006406","name":"Earth and Life Systems Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006406","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Quant. Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Differential allelic expression (DAE) plays a key role in the regulation of many biological processes, and it may also play a role in adaptive evolution. Recently, environment\u2010dependent DAE has been observed in species of marine phytoplankton, and most remarkably, alleles that showed the highest level of DAE also showed the fastest rate of evolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To better understand the role of DAE in adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity, we developed a 2\u2010D cellular automata model \u201cDAEsy\u2010World\u201d that builds on the classical Daisyworld model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simulations show that DAE delineates the evolution of alternative alleles of a gene, enabling the two alleles to adapt to different environmental conditions and sub\u2010functionalize. With DAE, the build\u2010up of genetic polymorphisms within genes is driven by positive selection rather than strict neutral evolution, and this can enhance phenotypic plasticity. Moreover, in sexually reproducing organisms, DAE also increased the standing genetic variation, augmenting a species\u2019 adaptive evolutionary potential and ability to respond to fluctuating and\/or changing conditions ( <jats:italic>cf<\/jats:italic>. genetic assimilation). We furthermore show that DAE is likely to evolve in fluctuating environmental conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>DAE increases the adaptive evolutionary potential of both sexual and asexually reproducing organisms, and it may affect the pattern of nucleotide substitutions of genes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.15302\/j-qb-021-0258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]],"date-time":"2021-06-07T02:01:17Z","timestamp":1623031277000},"page":"400-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Significance of differential allelic expression in phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary potential of microbial eukaryotes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ben P.","family":"Tatman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK"},{"name":"<!--2--> Department of Physics University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taoyang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--3--> School of Computer Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cock","family":"van Oosterhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich Research Park Norwich Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10413"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3688"},{"volume-title":"Genetics and the Origin of Species","year":"1941","author":"Dobzhansky T.","key":"e_1_2_11_4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12195"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.200900132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059\u2010016\u20101145\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13188"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.26970"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558\u20105646.2007.00203.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612561114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-3165-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102427.1990.tb00252.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004620107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg\u201010\u20106225\u20102013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2811"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12623"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20803"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.152710.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102745.12438"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","first-page":"66","article-title":"Daisy world: A cybernetic proof of the Gaia hypothesis.","volume":"38","author":"Lovelock J. 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