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Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>China is a multi\u2010ethnic country. It is of great significance for the skull identification to realize the skull ethnic classification through computers, which can promote the development of forensic anthropology and accelerate the exploration of national development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this paper, the 3D skull model is transformed into 2D auxiliary image including curvature, depth and elevation information, and then the deep learning method of the 2D auxiliary image is used for ethnic classification. We construct a convolution neural network structure inspired by VGGNet16 which has achieved excellent performance on image classification. In order to optimize the network, Adam algorithm is adopted to avoid falling into local minimum, and to ensure the stability of the algorithm with regularization terms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Experiments on 400 skull models have been conducted for ethnic classification by our method. We set different learning rates to compare the performance of the model, the highest accuracy of ethnic classification is 98.75%, which have better performance than other five classical neural network structures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Deep learning based on skull auxiliary image for skull ethnic classification is an automatic and effective method with great application significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.15302\/j-qb-021-0269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T08:29:26Z","timestamp":1679473766000},"page":"381-389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Skull ethnic classification by combining skull auxiliary image with deep learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Huijie","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> College of Computer Science and Technology Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> College of Computer Science and Technology Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> College of Computer Science and Technology Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> College of Computer Science and Technology Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niankai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> College of Computer Science and Technology Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingquan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--2--> Engineering Research Center of Virtual Reality and Applications Ministry of Education Beijing 100875 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"250","article-title":"The physical characters of Zang (Tibetan) nationality.","volume":"4","author":"Zhang Z.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Anthropologica Sinica (in Chinese)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","first-page":"250","article-title":"Physical characters of Zhuang nationality in Guangxi.","volume":"2","author":"Zhang Z. 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