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Biol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019) is a contagious infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus\u20102 (SARS\u2010COV\u20102) and it has infected and killed millions of people across the globe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the absence or inadequate provision of therapeutic treatments of COVID\u201019 and the limited convenience of diagnostic techniques, there is a necessity for some alternate spontaneous screening systems that can easily be used by the physicians to rapidly recognize and isolate the infected patients to circumvent onward surge. A chest X\u2010ray (CXR) image can effortlessly be used as a substitute modality to diagnose the COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we present an automatic COVID\u201019 diagnostic and severity prediction system (COVIDX) that uses deep feature maps of CXR images along with classical machine learning algorithms to identify COVID\u201019 and forecast its severity. The proposed system uses a three\u2010phase classification approach (healthy vs unhealthy, COVID\u201019 vs pneumonia, and COVID\u201019 severity) using different conventional supervised classification algorithms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated COVIDX through 10\u2010fold cross\u2010validation, by using an external validation dataset, and also in a real setting by involving an experienced radiologist. In all the adopted evaluation settings, COVIDX showed strong generalization power and outperforms all the prevailing state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art methods designed for this purpose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our proposed method (COVIDX), with vivid performance in COVID\u201019 diagnosis and its severity prediction, can be used as an aiding tool for clinical physicians and radiologists in the diagnosis and follow\u2010up studies of COVID\u201019\u00a0infected patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Availability<\/jats:title><jats:p>We made COVIDX easily accessible through a cloud\u2010based webserver and python code available at the site of google and the website of Github.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.15302\/j-qb-021-0278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,29]],"date-time":"2021-12-29T00:59:49Z","timestamp":1640739589000},"page":"208-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["COVIDX: Computer\u2010aided diagnosis of COVID\u201019 and its severity prediction with raw digital chest X\u2010ray scans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Wajid Arshad","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> Computational Biology and Data Analysis Lab Department of Computer Sciences &amp; Information Technology King Abdullah Campus University of Azad Jammu &amp; Kashmir Muzaffarabad AJ&amp;K 13100 Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Syed Ali","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> Computational Biology and Data Analysis Lab Department of Computer Sciences &amp; Information Technology King Abdullah Campus University of Azad Jammu &amp; Kashmir Muzaffarabad AJ&amp;K 13100 Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Saiqa","family":"Andleeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--2--> Biotechnology Lab Department of Zoology King Abdullah Campus University of Azad Jammu &amp; Kashmir Muzaffarabad AJ&amp;K 13100 Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Maryum","family":"Bibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--1--> Computational Biology and Data Analysis Lab Department of Computer Sciences &amp; Information Technology King Abdullah Campus University of Azad Jammu &amp; Kashmir Muzaffarabad AJ&amp;K 13100 Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Fiaz","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--3--> Department of Software Engineering University of Gujrat Gujrat 50700 Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Jaleel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--4--> Department of Computer Science, (RCET) UET Lahore 54000 Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Naveed","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"<!--5--> Computational and Internet Services Division Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(20)30183\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","unstructured":"COVID\u201019 Map Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. 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