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Here, we investigated the Aspergillus fumigatus AtmA (Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, ATM) and AtrA kinases, and how they impact virulence and the evolution of azole resistance. We demonstrated that A. fumigatus atmA and atrA null mutants are haploid and have a discrete chromosomal polymorphism. The \u0394atmA and \u0394atrA strains are sensitive to several DNA-damaging agents, but surprisingly both strains were more resistant than the wild-type strain to paraquat, menadione, and hydrogen peroxide. The atmA and atrA genes showed synthetic lethality emphasizing the cooperation between both enzymes and their consequent redundancy. The lack of atmA and atrA does not cause any significant virulence reduction in A. fumigatus in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and in the invertebrate alternative model Galleria mellonela. Wild-type, \u0394atmA, and \u0394atrA populations that were previously transferred 10 times in minimal medium (MM) in the absence of voriconazole have not shown any significant changes in drug resistance acquisition. In contrast, \u0394atmA and \u0394atrA populations that similarly evolved in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration of voriconazole showed an \u223c5\u201310-fold increase when compared to the original minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. There are discrete alterations in the voriconazole target Cyp51A\/Erg11A or cyp51\/erg11 and\/or Cdr1B efflux transporter overexpression that do not seem to be the main mechanisms to explain voriconazole resistance in these evolved populations. Taken together, these results suggest that genetic instability caused by \u0394atmA and \u0394atrA mutations can confer an adaptive advantage, mainly in the intensity of voriconazole resistance acquisition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.117.300265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,18]],"date-time":"2017-11-18T01:40:26Z","timestamp":1510969226000},"page":"265-278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Influence of Genetic Stability on<i>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/i>Virulence and Azole Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Thaila Fernanda","family":"dos Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian Pereira","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Alves","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pollyne Borborema","family":"Almeida de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela Andrade","family":"do Carmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, 04023-062 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie Mendes","family":"Marini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, 04023-062 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Franco","family":"da Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, 04023-062 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Henriques","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal and ICVS\/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal and ICVS\/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, 4710-057 Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iran","family":"Malavazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica e Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Paulo 13565-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo H","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021042013280335300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2006.06.003","article-title":"Genome size and ploidy of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis reveals a haploid DNA content: flow cytometry and GP43 sequence analysis.","volume":"44","author":"Almeida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. 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