{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T17:15:59Z","timestamp":1788801359608,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The faster-X effect, namely the rapid evolution of protein-coding genes on the X chromosome, has been widely reported in metazoans. However, the prevalence of this phenomenon across diverse systems and its potential causes remain largely unresolved. Analysis of sex-biased genes may elucidate its possible mechanisms: for example, in systems with X\/Y males a more pronounced faster-X effect in male-biased genes than in female-biased or unbiased genes may suggest fixation of recessive beneficial mutations rather than genetic drift. Further, theory predicts that the faster-X effect should be promoted by X chromosome dosage compensation. Here, we asked whether we could detect a faster-X effect in genes of the beetle Tribolium castaneum (and T. freemani orthologs), which has X\/Y sex-determination and heterogametic males. Our comparison of protein sequence divergence (dN\/dS) on the X chromosome vs. autosomes indicated a rarely observed absence of a faster-X effect in this organism. Further, analyses of sex-biased gene expression revealed that the X chromosome was particularly highly enriched for ovary-biased genes, which evolved slowly. In addition, an evaluation of male X chromosome dosage compensation in the gonads and in non-gonadal somatic tissues indicated a striking lack of compensation in the testis. This under-expression in testis may limit fixation of recessive beneficial X-linked mutations in genes transcribed in these male sex organs. Taken together, these beetles provide an example of the absence of a faster-X effect on protein evolution in a metazoan, that may result from two plausible factors, strong constraint on abundant X-linked ovary-biased genes and a lack of gonadal dosage compensation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.120.401074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T22:25:13Z","timestamp":1580163913000},"page":"1125-1136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Absence of a Faster-X Effect in Beetles (\n                    <i>Tribolium<\/i>\n                    , Coleoptera)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9331-0520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie A","family":"Whittle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0775-8044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arpita","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra G","family":"Extavour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021041813435753800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjem.2018.08.001","article-title":"User\u2019s guide to correlation coefficients.","volume":"18","author":"Akoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. 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