{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T11:37:08Z","timestamp":1789990628424,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Capsella rubella is an inbreeding annual forb closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana, a model species widely used for studying natural variation in adaptive traits such as flowering time. Although mutations in dozens of genes can affect flowering of A. thaliana in the laboratory, only a handful of such genes vary in natural populations. Chief among these are FRIGIDA (FRI) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Common and rare FRI mutations along with rare FLC mutations explain a large fraction of flowering-time variation in A. thaliana. Here we document flowering time under different conditions in 20 C. rubella accessions from across the species\u2019 range. Similar to A. thaliana, vernalization, long photoperiods and elevated ambient temperature generally promote flowering. In this collection of C. rubella accessions, we did not find any obvious loss-of-function FRI alleles. Using mapping-by-sequencing with two strains that have contrasting flowering behaviors, we identified a splice-site mutation in FLC as the likely cause of early flowering in accession 1408. However, other similarly early C. rubella accessions did not share this mutation. We conclude that the genetic basis of flowering-time variation in C. rubella is complex, despite this very young species having undergone an extreme genetic bottleneck when it split from C. grandiflora a few tens of thousands of years ago.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.112.143958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,4]],"date-time":"2012-08-04T06:24:52Z","timestamp":1344061492000},"page":"729-739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Independent<i>FLC<\/i>Mutations as Causes of Flowering-Time Variation in<i>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/i>and<i>Capsella rubella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Ya-Long","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany, and"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Todesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Hagmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandip","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Detlef","family":"Weigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.09.011","article-title":"Convergence and parallelism reconsidered: What have we learned about the genetics of adaptation?","volume":"23","author":"Arendt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08800","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of 107 phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana inbred lines","volume":"465","author":"Atwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1139\/g01-082","article-title":"Multiple flowering time QTLs within several Brassica species could be the result of duplicated copies of one ancestral gene","volume":"44","author":"Axelsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.09.008","article-title":"Adaptation from standing genetic variation","volume":"23","author":"Barrett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2896","article-title":"Towards identifying genes underlying ecologically relevant traits in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"11","author":"Bergelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000940","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000940","article-title":"Linkage and association mapping of Arabidopsis thaliana flowering time in nature","volume":"6","author":"Brachi","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.911","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of multiple Arabidopsis thaliana populations","volume":"43","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02743.x","article-title":"Bayesian inference of evolutionary history from chloroplast microsatellites in the cosmopolitan weed Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae)","volume":"14","author":"Ceplitis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib9","first-page":"2044","article-title":"Parallel evolution at multiple levels in the origin of hummingbird pollinated flowers in Ipomoea","volume":"64","author":"Des Marais","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib10","first-page":"11","article-title":"A rapid DNA isolation procedure from small quantities of fresh leaf tissues","volume":"19","author":"Doyle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phytochem. Bull."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.02.008","article-title":"Adaptation in the age of ecological genomics: insights from parallelism and convergence","volume":"26","author":"Elmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807679106","article-title":"Recent speciation associated with the evolution of selfing in Capsella","volume":"106","author":"Foxe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.021212","article-title":"Analysis of the molecular basis of flowering time variation in Arabidopsis accessions","volume":"132","author":"Gazzani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2009.04.040","article-title":"The causes of repeated genetic evolution","volume":"332","author":"Gompel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5246","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808012106","article-title":"Recent speciation of Capsella rubella from Capsella grandiflora, associated with loss of self-incompatibility and an extreme bottleneck","volume":"106","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209244","article-title":"Adaptation to climate across the Arabidopsis thaliana genome","volume":"334","author":"Hancock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006496308160","article-title":"pGreen: a versatile and flexible binary Ti vector for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation","volume":"42","author":"Hellens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.048694","article-title":"Single gene-mediated shift in pollinator attraction in Petunia","volume":"19","author":"Hoballah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800861","article-title":"Genetics, development and evolution of adaptive pigmentation in vertebrates","volume":"97","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.2002.00647.x","article-title":"Biogeography of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae)","volume":"29","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1134\/S1021443711030058","article-title":"A splicing site mutation in BrpFLC1 and repressed expression of BrpFLC genes are associated with the early flowering of purple flowering stalk","volume":"58","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00987954","article-title":"Evolutionary processes in the genus Capsella (Brassicaceae)","volume":"206","author":"Hurka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Syst. Evol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05460.x","article-title":"\u2018Missing link\u2019 species Capsella orientalis and Capsella thracica elucidate evolution of model plant genus Capsella (Brassicaceae)","volume":"21","author":"Hurka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-12-21","article-title":"Functional alleles of the flowering time regulator FRIGIDA in the Brassica oleracea genome","volume":"12","author":"Irwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5490.344","article-title":"Molecular analysis of FRIGIDA, a major determinant of natural variation in Arabidopsis flowering time","volume":"290","author":"Johanson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.92.4.761","article-title":"Genome evolution among cruciferous plants: a lecture from the comparison of the genetic maps of three diploid species\u2014Capsella rubella, Arabidopsis lyrata subsp. petraea, and A. thaliana","volume":"92","author":"Koch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.04086.x","article-title":"The development of Arabidopsis as a model plant","volume":"61","author":"Koornneef","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00264213","article-title":"A genetic and physiological analysis of late flowering mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"229","author":"Koornneef","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm257","article-title":"Natural variation in Arabidopsis lyrata vernalization requirement conferred by a FRIGIDA indel polymorphism","volume":"25","author":"Kuittinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004187","article-title":"DNA polymorphism at the FRIGIDA gene in Arabidopsis thaliana: extensive nonsynonymous variation is consistent with local selection for flowering time","volume":"19","author":"Le Corre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00282798","article-title":"Analysis of naturally occurring late flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"237","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0010006","article-title":"Diversity of flowering responses in wild Arabidopsis thaliana strains","volume":"1","author":"Lempe","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21199","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007431107","article-title":"Association mapping of local climate-sensitive quantitative trait loci in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1217304","article-title":"siRNAs targeting an intronic transposon in the regulation of natural flowering behavior in Arabidopsis","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.080705","article-title":"Flowering time quantitative trait loci analysis of oilseed brassica in multiple environments and genomewide alignment with Arabidopsis","volume":"177","author":"Long","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm255","article-title":"Quantitative trait loci for flowering time and morphological traits in multiple populations of Brassica rapa","volume":"58","author":"Lou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.183426","article-title":"Altitudinal and climatic adaptation is mediated by flowering traits and FRI, FLC, and PHYC genes in Arabidopsis","volume":"157","author":"M\u00e9ndez-Vigo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.11.5.949","article-title":"FLOWERING LOCUS C encodes a novel MADS domain protein that acts as a repressor of flowering","volume":"11","author":"Michaels","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10102","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1531467100","article-title":"Attenuation of FLOWERING LOCUS C activity as a mechanism for the evolution of summer-annual flowering behavior in Arabidopsis","volume":"100","author":"Michaels","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7312\/nei-92038","volume-title":"Molecular Evolutionary Genetic.","author":"Nei","year":"1987"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-006-0460-6","article-title":"Mapping and characterization of FLC homologs and QTL analysis of flowering time in Brassica oleracea","volume":"114","author":"Okazaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.080200.108","article-title":"Sequencing of natural strains of Arabidopsis thaliana with short reads","volume":"18","author":"Ossowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2004.00350.x","article-title":"Flowering time divergence and genomic rearrangements in resynthesized Brassica polyploids (Brassicaceae)","volume":"82","author":"Pires","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175302","article-title":"Evolution of coloration patterns","volume":"24","author":"Protas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.11.8.1433","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the anthocyanin2 gene of petunia and its role in the evolution of flower color","volume":"11","author":"Quattrocchio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-007-0657-3","article-title":"Does sequence polymorphism of FLC paralogues underlie flowering time QTL in Brassica oleracea?","volume":"116","author":"Razi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg359","article-title":"DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods","volume":"19","author":"Rozas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.111.126607","article-title":"Genetic architecture of flowering-time variation in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"188","author":"Salom\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2012.02518.x","article-title":"Novel natural alleles at FLC and LVR loci account for enhanced vernalization responses in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"35","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Bermejo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04145.x","article-title":"Standing genetic variation in FRIGIDA mediates experimental evolution of flowering time in Arabidopsis","volume":"18","author":"Scarcelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth0809-550","article-title":"SHOREmap: simultaneous mapping and mutation identification by deep sequencing","volume":"6","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/162.3.1457","article-title":"Characterization and effects of the replicated flowering time gene FLC in Brassica rapa","volume":"162","author":"Schranz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.105.039255","article-title":"A small family of MYB-regulatory genes controls floral pigmentation intensity and patterning in the genus Antirrhinum","volume":"18","author":"Schwinn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.11.3.445","article-title":"The FLF MADS box gene: a repressor of flowering in Arabidopsis regulated by vernalization and methylation","volume":"11","author":"Sheldon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.105.061309","article-title":"Role of FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C in determining variation in flowering time of Arabidopsis","volume":"138","author":"Shindo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.405306","article-title":"Variation in the epigenetic silencing of FLC contributes to natural variation in Arabidopsis vernalization response","volume":"20","author":"Shindo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.103705","article-title":"Splicing variation at a FLOWERING LOCUS C homeolog is associated with flowering time variation in the tetraploid Capsella bursa-pastoris","volume":"183","author":"Slotte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr109","article-title":"Gene loss and parallel evolution contribute to species difference in flower color","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0673-y","article-title":"Regulation of flowering time: all roads lead to Rome","volume":"68","author":"Srikanth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019949","article-title":"Major-effect alleles at relatively few loci underlie distinct vernalization and flowering variation in Arabidopsis accessions","volume":"6","author":"Strange","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.02929.x","article-title":"Genetic changes contributing to the parallel evolution of red floral pigmentation among Ipomoea species","volume":"183","author":"Streisfeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01182.x","article-title":"Control of flowering time by FLC orthologues in Brassica napus","volume":"28","author":"Tadege","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876","article-title":"The CLUSTAL-X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools","volume":"25","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040137","article-title":"A nonparametric test reveals selection for rapid flowering in the Arabidopsis genome","volume":"4","author":"Toomajian","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.2011.00478.x","article-title":"Prediction of flowering time in Brassica oleracea using a quantitative trait loci-based phenology model","volume":"14","author":"Uptmoor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5641","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err249","article-title":"Flowering time variation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is associated with allelic variation in the FRIGIDA homologue BnaA.FRI.a","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07988","article-title":"PEP1 regulates perennial flowering in Arabis alpina","volume":"459","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.189845","article-title":"Natural variation in Arabidopsis: from molecular genetics to ecological genomics","volume":"158","author":"Weigel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib69","volume-title":"Arabidopsis: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Weigel","year":"2002"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.036533","article-title":"FRIGIDA-independent variation in flowering time of natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions","volume":"170","author":"Werner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.03114.x","article-title":"Convergence, constraint and the role of gene expression during adaptive radiation: floral anthocyanins in Aquilegia","volume":"15","author":"Whittall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-003-2738-9","article-title":"Parallel genotypic adaptation: when evolution repeats itself","volume":"123","author":"Wood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp394","article-title":"Pindel: a pattern growth approach to detect break points of large deletions and medium sized insertions from paired-end short reads","volume":"25","author":"Ye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp010","article-title":"A naturally occurring splicing site mutation in the Brassica rapa FLC1 gene is associated with variation in flowering time","volume":"60","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1139\/G10-082","article-title":"Design of a Brassica rapa core collection for association mapping studies","volume":"53","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"2022011219172540200_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq048","article-title":"BrFLC2 (FLOWERING LOCUS C) as a candidate gene for a vernalization response QTL in Brassica rapa","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."}],"container-title":["Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/192\/2\/729\/42122384\/genetics0729.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/192\/2\/729\/42122384\/genetics0729.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T05:22:36Z","timestamp":1714281756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article\/192\/2\/729\/5935156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1534\/genetics.112.143958","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-2631"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-2631","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}}}