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Some of these traits also appear in domesticated birds and fish. The origin of Darwin\u2019s \u201cdomestication syndrome\u201d has remained a conundrum for more than 140 years. Most explanations focus on particular traits, while neglecting others, or on the possible selective factors involved in domestication rather than the underlying developmental and genetic causes of these traits. Here, we propose that the domestication syndrome results predominantly from mild neural crest cell deficits during embryonic development. Most of the modified traits, both morphological and physiological, can be readily explained as direct consequences of such deficiencies, while other traits are explicable as indirect consequences. We first show how the hypothesis can account for the multiple, apparently unrelated traits of the syndrome and then explore its genetic dimensions and predictions, reviewing the available genetic evidence. The article concludes with a brief discussion of some genetic and developmental questions raised by the idea, along with specific predictions and experimental tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.114.165423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,14]],"date-time":"2014-07-14T09:23:54Z","timestamp":1405329834000},"page":"795-808","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":647,"title":["The \u201cDomestication Syndrome\u201d in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"197","author":[{"given":"Adam S","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch Institute of Advanced Study , Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Theoretical Biology , Humboldt University zu Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W","family":"Wrangham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch Institute of Advanced Study , Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology , Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W Tecumseh","family":"Fitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Biology , University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042418541794900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071468","article-title":"Evolution of the gene network underlying wing polyphenism in ants.","volume":"297","author":"Abouheif","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023042418541794900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.065581","article-title":"Sox 2 and MITF cross-regulatory interactions consolidate progenitor and melanocyte lineages in the cranial neural crest.","volume":"139","author":"Adameyko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023042418541794900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2007.11.010","article-title":"Phenotypic differences in behavior, physiology and neurochemistry between rats selected for tameness and for defensive aggression towards humans.","volume":"53","author":"Albert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. 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