{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:40:48Z","timestamp":1791272448280,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite of humans and other animals, host mitochondrial association (HMA) is driven by a gene family that encodes multiple mitochondrial association factor 1 (MAF1) proteins. However, the importance of MAF1 gene duplication in the evolution of HMA is not understood, nor is the impact of HMA on parasite biology. Here we used within- and between-species comparative analysis to determine that the MAF1 locus is duplicated in T. gondii and its nearest extant relative Hammondia hammondi, but not another close relative, Neospora caninum. Using cross-species complementation, we determined that the MAF1 locus harbors multiple distinct paralogs that differ in their ability to mediate HMA, and that only T. gondii and H. hammondi harbor HMA+ paralogs. Additionally, we found that exogenous expression of an HMA+ paralog in T. gondii strains that do not normally exhibit HMA provides a competitive advantage over their wild-type counterparts during a mouse infection. These data indicate that HMA likely evolved by neofunctionalization of a duplicate MAF1 copy in the common ancestor of T. gondii and H. hammondi, and that the neofunctionalized gene duplicate is selectively advantageous.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.115.186270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T23:34:00Z","timestamp":1456529640000},"page":"283-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Host Mitochondrial Association Evolved in the Human Parasite\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    via Neofunctionalization of a Gene Duplicate"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Yaw","family":"Adomako-Ankomah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences , Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences , Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth D","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences , Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences , Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J","family":"Danielson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences , Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena F","family":"Pernas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, VP8 5C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J","family":"Boulanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, VP8 5C2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitender P","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory , Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon P","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences , Kenneth P. 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