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Target-derived signaling inputs regulate stereotyped modes of cell specification, branching morphogenesis, and collective cell migration in the embryonic stage. In the postembryonic stages, the same set of signaling pathways controls highly plastic regulation of size increase and pattern elaboration during larval stages, and cell proliferation and reprograming during metamorphosis. Tracheal tube morphogenesis is also regulated by physicochemical interaction of the cell and apical extracellular matrix to regulate optimal geometry suitable for air flow. The trachea system senses both the external oxygen level and the metabolic activity of internal organs, and helps organismal adaptation to changes in environmental oxygen level. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the high plasticity of tracheal development and physiology uncovered through research on Drosophila are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.117.300167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T13:25:22Z","timestamp":1527600322000},"page":"367-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Development and Function of the <i>Drosophila<\/i> Tracheal System"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"209","author":[{"given":"Shigeo","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Nada-ku, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takefumi","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku 606-8501, Japan"},{"name":"The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011201013493100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.014498","article-title":"Tracheal branching morphogenesis in Drosophila: new insights into cell behaviour and organ architecture.","volume":"135","author":"Affolter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2022011201013493100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.4.743","article-title":"The Drosophila SRF homolog is expressed in a subset of tracheal cells and maps within a genomic region required for tracheal development.","volume":"120","author":"Affolter","year":"1994","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2022011201013493100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.1.123","article-title":"drifter, a Drosophila POU-domain transcription factor, is required for correct differentiation and migration of tracheal cells and midline glia.","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2022011201013493100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.09.031","article-title":"mummy\/cystic encodes an enzyme required for chitin and glycan synthesis, involved in trachea, embryonic cuticle and CNS development\u2013analysis of its role in Drosophila tracheal morphogenesis.","volume":"288","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. 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