{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:01:34Z","timestamp":1790467294817,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp. Anim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.14-0088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]],"date-time":"2015-03-27T12:57:34Z","timestamp":1427461054000},"page":"253-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Anesthetic and pathological changes following high doses of ketamine and xylazine in Sprague Dawley rats"],"prefix":"10.1538","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Marie-Chantal","family":"GIROUX","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montreal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"H\u00c9LIE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"BURNS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"VACHON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Veterinary Biomedicine, University of Montreal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Canada"},{"name":"Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"439","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"1. Amouzadeh H.R., Sangiah S., and Qualls C.W. Jr. 1989. Effects of some hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers and inhibitors on xylazine-ketamine anesthesia. <i>Vet. Hum. Toxicol.<\/i> 31: 532\u2013534."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Amouzadeh H.R., Sangiah S., Qualls C.W. Jr., Cowell R.L., and Mauromoustakos A. 1991. Xylazine-induced pulmonary edema in rats. <i>Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.<\/i> 108: 417\u2013427.","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(91)90088-V"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Amouzadeh H.R., Qualls C.W. Jr., Wyckoff J.H. 3rd., Dzata G.K., Sangiah S., Mauromoustakos A., and Stein L.E. 1993. Biochemical and morphological alterations in xylazine-induced pulmonary edema. <i>Toxicol. Pathol.<\/i> 21: 562\u2013571.","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339302100607"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Antonaccio M.J., Robson R.D., and Kerwin L. 1973. Evidence for increased vagal tone and enhancement of baroreceptor reflex activity after xylazine (2-(2,6-dimethylphenylamino)-4-H-5,6-dihydro-1,3-thiazine) in anesthestized dogs. <i>Eur. J. Pharmacol.<\/i> 23: 311\u2013316.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(73)90102-7"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"5. Arras M., Autenried P., Rettich A., Spaeni D., and R\u00fclicke T. 2001. Optimization of intraperitoneal injection anesthesia in mice: drugs, dosages, adverse effects, and anesthesia depth. <i>Comp. Med.<\/i> 51: 443\u2013456."},{"key":"6","unstructured":"6. Branson K.R. 2001. Injectables anesthetics, p.213\u2013267, In: Adams HR, editor. <i>Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.<\/i> Ames, Iowa State Press."},{"key":"7","unstructured":"7. Buitrago S., Martin T.E., Tetens-Woodring J., Belicha-Villanueva A., and Wilding G.E. 2008. Safety and efficacy of various combinations of injectable anesthetics in BALB\/c mice. <i>J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci.<\/i> 47: 11\u201317."},{"key":"8","unstructured":"8. Canadian Council on Animal Care 1993. Guide to the care and use of experimental animals, vol 1, 2nd ed. Ottawa (Canada): Canadian Council on Animal Care."},{"key":"9","unstructured":"9. Corman B., Pratz J., and Poujeol P. 1985. Changes in anatomy, glomerular filtration, and solute excretion in aging rat kidney. <i>Am. J. Physiol.<\/i> 248: R282\u2013R287."},{"key":"10","unstructured":"10. Corman B. and Michel J.B. 1987. Glomerular filtration, renal blood flow, and solute excretion in conscious aging rats. <i>Am. J. Physiol.<\/i> 253: R555\u2013R560."},{"key":"11","unstructured":"11. Dittmar M.S., Fehm N.P., Vatankhah B., and Horn M. 2004. Ketamine\/xylazine anesthesia for radiologic imaging of neurologically impaired rats: dose response, respiratory depression, and management of complications. <i>Comp. Med.<\/i> 54: 652\u2013655."},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Flecknell P.A. 1996. Laboratory animal anesthesia. Academic Press, London.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012260361-7\/50009-9"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Gaertner D.J., Hallman T.M., Hankenson F.C., and Batchelder M.A. 2008. Anesthesia and Analgesia for Laboratory Rodents, p.240\u2013282, In: Fish RE, Brown MJ, Danneman PJ, Karas AZ, editors. <i>Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals.<\/i> San Diego, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373898-1.00010-4"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Green C.J., Knight J., Precious S., and Simpkin S. 1981. Ketamine alone and combined with diazepam or xylazine in laboratory animals: a 10 year experience. <i>Lab. Anim.<\/i> 15: 163\u2013170.","DOI":"10.1258\/002367781780959107"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Greene S.A. and Thurmon J.C. 1988. Xylazine\u2014a review of its pharmacology and use in veterinary medicine. <i>J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther.<\/i> 11: 295\u2013313.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1988.tb00189.x"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Hijazi Y. and Boulieu R. 2002. Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. <i>Drug Metab. Dispos.<\/i> 30: 853\u2013858.","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.30.7.853"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Jenkins A.J. 2007. Toxicokinetics and Factors Affecting Pharmacokinetic Parameters, p. 21\u201324, In: Karch SB, editor. <i>Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Abused Drugs.<\/i> CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420054606.ch3"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. K\u00e4stner S.B. 2006. A2-agonists in sheep: a review. <i>Vet. Anaesth. Analg.<\/i> 33: 79\u201396.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00243.x"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Lamont L.A., Tranquilli W.J., and Grimm K.A. 2000. Physiology of pain. <i>Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract.<\/i> 30: 703\u2013728, v.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(08)70003-2"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Majewski-Tiedeken C.R., Rabin C.R., and Siegel S.J. 2008. Ketamine exposure in adult mice leads to increased cell death in C3H, DBA2 and FVB inbred mouse strains. <i>Drug Alcohol Depend.<\/i> 92: 217\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.009"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Meyer R.E. and Fish R.E. 2008. Pharmacology of injectable anesthetics, sedatives, and tranquilizers, p. 27\u201382, In: Fish RE, Brown MJ, Danneman PJ, Karas AZ, editors. <i>Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals.<\/i> San Diego, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373898-1.50006-1"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. M\u00e9zi\u00e8re A., Paillaud E., and Plaud B. 2013. Anesth\u00e9sie de la personne \u00e2g\u00e9e. (in French). <i>Presse Med.<\/i> 42: 197\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2012.07.040"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. M\u00f6ssner L.D., Schmitz A., Theurillat R., Thormann W., and Mevissen M. 2011. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in ketamine metabolism by use of liver microsomes and specific cytochrome P450 enzymes from horses, dogs, and humans. <i>Am. J. Vet. Res.<\/i> 72: 1505\u20131513.","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.11.1505"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Park Choo H.Y. and Choi S.O. 1991. The metabolism of xylazine in rats. <i>Arch. Pharm. Res.<\/i> 14: 346\u2013351.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02876882"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Richardson C.A. and Flecknell P.A. 2005. Anaesthesia and post-operative analgesia following experimental surgery in laboratory rodents: are we making progress?<i>Altern. Lab. Anim.<\/i> 33: 119\u2013127.","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290503300207"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Rikans L.E. and Notley B.A. 1982. Age-related changes in hepatic microsomal drug metabolism are substrate selective. <i>J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.<\/i> 220: 574\u2013578.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)32984-8"},{"key":"27","unstructured":"27. Salonen J.S. 1992. Chemistry and pharmacokinetics of the alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist, p.191\u2013200, In: Short CE, Van Poznak A, editors. <i>Animal Pain.<\/i> New York, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Schmitt H., Fournadjiev G., and Schmitt H. 1970. Central and peripheral effects of 2-(2,6-dimethylphenylamino)-4-H-5,6-dihydro-1,3-thiazin (Bayer 1470) on the sympathetic system. <i>Eur. J. Pharmacol.<\/i> 10: 230\u2013238.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(70)90277-3"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Schmucker D.L. 1990. Hepatocyte fine structure during maturation and senescence. <i>J. Electron Microsc. Tech.<\/i> 14: 106\u2013125.","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1060140205"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Smith D.J., Pekoe G.M., Martin L.L., and Coalgate B. 1980. The interaction of ketamine with the opiate receptor. <i>Life Sci.<\/i> 26: 789\u2013795.","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(80)90285-4"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Song G., Wu H., Yoshino K., and Zamboni W.C. 2012. Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of liposomal drugs. <i>J. Liposome Res.<\/i> 22: 177\u2013192.","DOI":"10.3109\/08982104.2012.655285"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Stokes E.L., Flecknell P.A., and Richardson C.A. 2009. Reported analgesic and anaesthetic administration to rodents undergoing experimental surgical procedures. <i>Lab. Anim.<\/i> 43: 149\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2008.008020"},{"key":"33","unstructured":"33. Struck M.B., Andrutis K.A., Ramirez H.E., and Battles A.H. 2011. Effect of a short-term fast on ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in rats. <i>J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci.<\/i> 50: 344\u2013348."},{"key":"34","unstructured":"34. Schwenke D.O. and Cragg P.A. 2004. Comparison of the depressive effects of four anesthetic regimens on ventilatory and cardiovascular variables in the guinea pig. <i>Comp. Med.<\/i> 54: 77\u201385."},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Veilleux-Lemieux D., Beaudry F., H\u00e9lie P., and Vachon P. 2012. Effects of endotoxemia on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine anesthesia in Sprague-Dawley rats. <i>Vet. Med. Res. Rep.<\/i> 3: 99\u2013109.","DOI":"10.2147\/VMRR.S35666"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"36. Veilleux-Lemieux D., Castel A., Carrier D., Beaudry F., and Vachon P. 2013. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and xylazine in young and old Sprague-Dawley rats. <i>J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci.<\/i> 52: 567\u2013570."},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Vel\u00edskov\u00e1 J., Vel\u00edsek L., Mares P., and Rokyta R. 1990. Ketamine suppresses both bicuculline- and picrotoxin-induced generalized tonic-clonic seizures during ontogenesis. <i>Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.<\/i> 37: 667\u2013674.","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(90)90544-R"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Waterman A.E. and Livingston A. 1978. Effects of age and sex on ketamine anaesthesia in the rat. <i>Br. J. Anaesth.<\/i> 50: 885\u2013889.","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/50.9.885"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Wauthier V., Verbeeck R.K., and Buc Calderon P. 2004. Age-related changes in the protein and mRNA levels of CYP2E1 and CYP3A isoforms as well as in their hepatic activities in Wistar rats. What role for oxidative stress?<i>Arch. Toxicol.<\/i> 78: 131\u2013138.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-003-0526-z"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. White P.F., Way W.L., and Trevor A.J. 1982. Ketamine\u2014its pharmacology and therapeutic uses. <i>Anesthesiology<\/i> 56: 119\u2013136.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198202000-00007"}],"container-title":["Experimental Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/expanim\/64\/3\/64_14-0088\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T17:27:28Z","timestamp":1747848448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/expanim\/64\/3\/64_14-0088\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1538\/expanim.14-0088","relation":{},"ISSN":["1341-1357","1881-7122"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1341-1357","type":"print"},{"value":"1881-7122","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015]]}}}