{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:49:04Z","timestamp":1765547344653,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007434","name":"Suzuken Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Researcher and Technical Staff (R&T) Collaboration Project of the Core Facility Program at the Global Facility Center, Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp. Anim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.24-0132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T22:11:09Z","timestamp":1732313469000},"page":"181-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dual-route administration of balanced anesthesia using medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol provides both suitable anesthetic depth and reduced tissue injury in rabbits"],"prefix":"10.1538","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Risa","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, 2-3 Bunkyo, Chitose, Hokkaido 066-0052, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13-Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanako","family":"Sumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, 2-3 Bunkyo, Chitose, Hokkaido 066-0052, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chizuko","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, 2-3 Bunkyo, Chitose, Hokkaido 066-0052, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Munekatsu","family":"Ita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Support Team, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ibrahim","family":"Qasimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, 2-3 Bunkyo, Chitose, Hokkaido 066-0052, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ko","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13-Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13-Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8586, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masami","family":"Morimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayoko","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, 2-3 Bunkyo, Chitose, Hokkaido 066-0052, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teppei","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Safety Research, Chitose Laboratory, Japan Food Research Laboratories, 2-3 Bunkyo, Chitose, Hokkaido 066-0052, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"439","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1. Verstegen J, Petcho A. Medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam for anaesthesia in dogs and its reversal by atipamezole. Vet Rec.  1993;  132: 353\u2013357.","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.132.14.353"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Kawai S, Takagi Y, Kaneko S, Kurosawa T. Effect of three types of mixed anesthetic agents alternate to ketamine in mice. Exp Anim.  2011;  60: 481\u2013487.","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.60.481"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Kirihara Y, Takechi M, Kurosaki K, Kobayashi Y, Kurosawa T. Anesthetic effects of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol in two strains of mice. Exp Anim.  2013;  62: 173\u2013180.","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.62.173"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Kirihara Y, Takechi M, Kurosaki K, Kobayashi Y, Saito Y, Takeuchi T. Effects of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol in rats-strain difference and antagonism by atipamezole. Exp Anim.  2016;  65: 27\u201336.","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.15-0036"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Nakamura T, Karakida N, Dantsuka A, Ichii O, Elewa YHA, Kon Y, et al. Effects of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol on anesthesia and blood biochemistry and the antagonizing action of atipamezole in hamsters. J Vet Med Sci.  2017;  79: 1230\u20131235.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.17-0210"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"6. Nakamura T, Ichii O, Irie T, Hosotani M, Dantsuka A, Nakamura S, et al. Usefulness of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol in cotton rats (<i>Sigmodon hispidus<\/i>). Jpn J Vet Res.  2016;  64: 273\u2013276."},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Kageyama A, Tohei A, Ushijima H, Okada K. Anesthetic effects of a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol on the production of offspring in Japanese field vole, <i>Microtus montebelli<\/i>. J Vet Med Sci.  2016;  78: 1283\u20131291.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0039"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Ochiai Y, Iwano H, Sakamoto T, Hirabayashi M, Kaneko E, Watanabe T, et al. Blood biochemical changes in mice after administration of a mixture of three anesthetic agents. J Vet Med Sci.  2016;  78: 951\u2013956.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0474"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Tsubokura Y, Kobayashi T, Oshima Y, Hashizume N, Nakai M, Ajimi S, et al. Effects of pentobarbital, isoflurane, or medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol anesthesia on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood chemistry in rats. J Toxicol Sci.  2016;  41: 595\u2013604.","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.41.595"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Kirihara Y, Takechi M, Kurosaki K, Matsuo H, Kajitani N, Saito Y. Effects of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol and antagonism by atipamezole in rabbits. Exp Anim.  2019;  68: 443\u2013452.","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.18-0183"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"11. Inoue A, Ochi T. Anesthetic effect of a mixture of medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol in chickens with antagonism by atipamezole. Jpn J Vet Res.  2019;  67: 133\u2013137."},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Itamoto K, Hikasa Y, Sakonjyu I, Itoh H, Kakuta T, Takase K. Anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of balanced anaesthesia with medetomidine-midazolam and butorphanol in dogs. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med.  2000;  47: 411\u2013420.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2000.00302.x"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Ochi T, Nishiura I, Tatsumi M, Hirano Y, Yahagi K, Sakurai Y, et al. Anesthetic effect of a combination of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol in cynomolgus monkeys (<i>Macaca fascicularis<\/i>). J Vet Med Sci.  2014;  76: 917\u2013921.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0589"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Eggers B, Tordiffe ASW, Lamberski N, Lawrenz A, Sliwa A, Wilson B, et al. Evaluation of two doses of butorphanol-medetomidine-midazolam for the immobilization of wild versus captive black-footed cats (<i>fells nigripes<\/i>). J Zoo Wildl Med.  2020;  51: 497\u2013506.","DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0184"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Borkowski R, Karas AZ. Sedation and anesthesia of pet rabbits. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract.  1999;  14: 44\u201349.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-2867(99)80026-7"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Sun XC, Zhang ZB, Wang H, Li JH, Ma X, Xia HF. Comparison of three surgical models of bone tissue defects in cleft palate in rabbits. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.  2019;  124: 164\u2013172.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.05.002"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Henke J, Astner S, Brill T, Eissner B, Busch R, Erhardt W. Comparative study of three intramuscular anaesthetic combinations (medetomidine\/ketamine, medetomidine\/fentanyl\/midazolam and xylazine\/ketamine) in rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg.  2005;  32: 261\u2013270.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00242.x"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Diehl KH, Hull R, Morton D, Pfister R, Rabemampianina Y, Smith D, et al. European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries Association and European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. A good practice guide to the administration of substances and removal of blood, including routes and volumes. J Appl Toxicol.  2001;  21: 15\u201323.","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.727"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Svendsen O, Blom L. Intramuscular injections and muscle damage: effects of concentration, volume, injection speed and vehicle. Arch Toxicol Suppl.  1984;  7: 472\u2013475.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69132-4_96"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Tashiro M, Tohei A. Recommended doses of medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol with atipamezole for preventing hypothermia in mice. J Vet Med Sci.  2022;  84: 445\u2013453.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0479"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Shibuta H, Yamana R, Kashimoto J, Kamio K, Suda A. Comparison of the anesthetic effect by the injection route of mixed anesthesia (medetomidine, midazolam and butorphanol) and the effect of this anesthetic agent on the respiratory function. J Vet Med Sci.  2020;  82: 35\u201342.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0438"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"22. Higuchi S, Yamada R, Hashimoto A, Miyoshi K, Yamashita K, Ohsugi T. Evaluation of a combination of alfaxalone with medetomidine and butorphanol for inducing surgical anesthesia in laboratory mice. Jpn J Vet Res.  2016;  64: 131\u2013139."},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Watanabe M, Nikaido Y, Sasaki N. Validation of the anesthetic effect of a mixture of remimazolam, medetomidine, and butorphanol in three mouse strains. Exp Anim.  2024;  73: 223\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.23-0158"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Kirihara Y, Takechi M, Kurosaki K, Kobayashi Y, Saito Y, Takeuchi T. Anesthetic effects of a three-drugs mixture--comparison of administrative routes and antagonistic effects of atipamezole in mice. Exp Anim.  2015;  64: 39\u201347.","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.14-0039"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"25. ISO 10993\u20136:2016. Biological evaluation of medical devices \u2212 Part 6: Tests for local effects after implantation. 3rd ed, 2016."},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Assenmacher CA, Lanza M, Tarrant JC, Gardiner KL, Blankemeyer E, Radaelli E. <i>Post Mortem<\/i> study on the effects of routine handling and manipulation of laboratory mice. Animals (Basel).  2022;  12: 3234.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233234"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Kallio-Kujala IJ, Raekallio MR, Honkavaara J, Bennett RC, Turunen H, Scheinin M, et al. Peripheral \u03b1<sub>2<\/sub>-adrenoceptor antagonism affects the absorption of intramuscularly coadministered drugs. Vet Anaesth Analg.  2018;  45: 405\u2013413.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.01.008"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Lindh E, Meller A, Raekallio M. Effects of vatinoxan in rats sedated with a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl. Acta Vet Scand.  2024;  66: 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-024-00744-y"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"29. Sessler DI. Perioperative heat balance. Anesthesiology.  2000;  92: 578\u2013596.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200002000-00042"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"30. Jinks SL, Bravo M, Hayes SG. Volatile anesthetic effects on midbrain-elicited locomotion suggest that the locomotor network in the ventral spinal cord is the primary site for immobility. Anesthesiology.  2008;  108: 1016\u20131024.","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181730297"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Tashiro M, Hosokawa Y, Amao H, Tohei A. Duration of thermal support for preventing hypothermia induced by anesthesia with medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol in mice. J Vet Med Sci.  2020;  82: 1757\u20131762.","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0256"}],"container-title":["Experimental Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/expanim\/74\/2\/74_24-0132\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T03:21:35Z","timestamp":1745637695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/expanim\/74\/2\/74_24-0132\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1538\/expanim.24-0132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1341-1357","1881-7122"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1341-1357"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1881-7122"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"24-0132"}}