{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T05:25:44Z","timestamp":1793769944702,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,22]],"date-time":"2014-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":82,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Occupational Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:bold>Systematic Literature Review of Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Associated with Physiotherapists' Occupational Exposures to Non\u2010ionising Radiation: Syed Ghulam Sarwar SHAH, <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>. School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University London, UK\u2014<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review empirical research on adverse health and pregnancy outcomes associated with physiotherapists' occupational exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) from shortwave (SWD) and microwave (MWD) diathermy devices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review of peer reviewed literature published from 1990 to 2010 in the English language searched in eight online bibliographic databases: CINAHL, EBSCOhost, ISI Web of Knowledge, Medline, OSH UPDATE, PubMed Central, Science Direct, and Scopus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings suggest that physiotherapists' occupational exposure to SWD was statistically significantly associated with delayed time to pregnancy (&gt;6 months), still birth, altered gender ratio (low ratio of boys to girls), congenital malformations and low birth weight (&lt;2,500 g) among physiotherapists' offspring. Physiotherapists' exposure to MWD was also found to be statistically significantly associated with spontaneous abortion. However, causal mechanisms for these statistical associations are unknown. The present systematic review has found these adverse reproductive outcomes and health effects associations with RF EMFs from therapeutic diathermy devices to be inconsistent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A number of studies did not find statistically significant results to replicate associations with such adverse outcomes, and therefore further research, preferably prospective studies of cohorts of physiotherapists, is warranted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.13-0196-ra","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]],"date-time":"2014-07-24T23:21:00Z","timestamp":1406244060000},"page":"323-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Systematic Literature Review of Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Associated with Physiotherapists' Occupational Exposures to Non\u2010ionising Radiation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Syed Ghulam Sarwar","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Farrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2013.782203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3431667"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-186X(2001)22:5 <::AID-BEM1020>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9030-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2418"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"451","article-title":"Congenital anomalies and paternal occupational exposure to shortwave, microwave, infrared, and acoustic radiation","volume":"27","author":"Logue JN","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"Occupation and pregnancy outcome","volume":"44","author":"McDonald AD","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(83)90071-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Non\u2010Ionising radiation, Part 1: Static and extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. 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