{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T08:21:41Z","timestamp":1721290901355},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,31]],"date-time":"2015-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":122,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Occupational Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label \/><jats:p><jats:bold>Pulmonary effects in workers exposed to indium metal: A cross\u2010sectional study: Makiko N<jats:sc>akano<\/jats:sc>, <jats:italic>et al<\/jats:italic>. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Indium was added to the list of substances regulated by the Ordinance on Prevention of Hazards due to Specified Chemical Substances (OPHSCS) in 2013. Indium metal (IM), however, is not regulated by the OPHSCS due to insufficient information on pulmonary effects following exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 2011 to 2013, a cross\u2010sectional study was conducted on 141 IM\u2010exposed workers at 11 factories. Subjective symptoms were assessed, including levels of serum biomarkers, spirometry readings and total and diffuse lung capacity. Krebs von den Lungen\u20106 (KL\u20106) and surfactant protein D (SP\u2010D) were selected as biomarkers of interstitial pneumonia. Indium serum concentration (In\u2010S) and personal air sampling data were used to estimate exposure. Subjects were categorized into 5 groups based on occupation and type of exposure: smelting, soldering, dental technician, bonding and other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The highest level of In\u2010S was 25.4 \u03bcg\/<jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>, and the mean In\u2010S level was significantly higher in the smelting group than in other groups. In the smelting group, the prevalence of increased In\u2010S levels was 9.1%, while that of abnormal KL\u20106 was 15.2%. A significant dose\u2010effect relationship was observed between the In\u2010S and KL\u20106 levels. No marked differences were observed between any of the groups in SP\u2010D values, pulmonary symptoms, or pulmonary function test results. A total of 31% of the subjects worked in an environment with IM levels exceeding 0.3 \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, which requires a protective mask to be worn.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>For workers exposed to IM, work environments should be monitored, appropriate protective masks should be worn, and medical monitoring should be conducted according to the OPHSCS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.14-0262-oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,7]],"date-time":"2015-05-07T22:01:51Z","timestamp":1431036111000},"page":"346-352","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pulmonary effects in workers exposed to indium metal: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Makiko","family":"Nakano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Keio University School of Medicine Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiyo","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miyuki","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoko","family":"Iwasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Keio University School of Medicine Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Omae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Keio University School of Medicine Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"328","article-title":"Recommendation of occupational exposure limits (2007\u20132008)","volume":"49","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00020306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.029124"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L9077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.10-0057-OA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Technical guideline for preventing health impairment of workers engaged in the indium tin oxide handling processes","author":"Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.MS1375"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Amendment to Ordinance on Industrial Safety and Health Law and to Ordinance on Prevention of Hazards due to Specified Chemical Substances","author":"Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2.311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.3.2107134"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.6.8520747"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for pulmonary function testing","author":"The Japanese Respiratory Society","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034905"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"383","article-title":"Standard criteria of spirography and arterial blood gas partial pressure measurement in Japanese","volume":"39","author":"The Clinical Pulmonary Functions Committee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Jap Respir Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Public Use Data File Documentation Number 76200","author":"Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"A clinical study of the carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. 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