{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:54:03Z","timestamp":1789880043309,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,30]],"date-time":"2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Occupational Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) emitted during arc welding frequently causes keratoconjunctivitis and erythema in the workplace. The degree of hazard from UVR exposure depends on the welding method and conditions. Therefore, it is important to identify the UVR levels present under various conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We experimentally evaluated the UVR levels emitted in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of mild steel. We used both a pulsed welding current and a non\u2010pulsed welding current. The shielding gases were 80% Ar + 20% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and 100% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. The effective irradiance defined in the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists guidelines was used to quantify the UVR hazard.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effective irradiance measured in this study was in the range of 0.51\u201012.9 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> at a distance of 500 mm from the arc. The maximum allowable exposure times at these levels are only 0.23\u20105.9 s\/day.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The following conclusions were made regarding the degree of hazard from UVR exposure during the GMAW of mild steel: (1) It is more hazardous at higher welding currents than at lower welding currents. (2) At higher welding currents, it is more hazardous when 80% Ar + 20% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is used as a shielding gas than when 100% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is used. (3) It is more hazardous for pulsed welding currents than for non\u2010pulsed welding currents. (4) It appears to be very hazardous when metal transfer is the spray type. This study demonstrates that unprotected exposure to UVR emitted by the GMAW of mild steel is quite hazardous.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.16-0065-oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T22:04:49Z","timestamp":1470261889000},"page":"452-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Hazard of ultraviolet radiation emitted in gas metal arc welding of mild steel"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University Faculty of Human Resources Development"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Utsunomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shizuoka Polytechnic Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyunya","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University Faculty of Human Resources Development"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnic University Faculty of Human Resources Development"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Okuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Japan"},{"name":"Human Engineering and Risk Management Research Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"A research report on the performance of eye protectors against optical radiation: Shakouhogogu no seinouhyouka tou ni kansuru chousa kenkyu seika houkokusyo","author":"The Japan Welding Engineering Society","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"JIS K 0212: Technical terms for analytical chemistry (optical part)","author":"Japanese Industrial Standards Committee","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"International lighting vocabulary: CIE Standard CIE S 017\/E: 2011","author":"International Commission on Illumination","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3596-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Nonionizing radiation protection special study No. 42\u20100053\u201077, Evaluation of the potential from actinic ultraviolet radiation generated by electric welding and cutting arcs","author":"Lyom TL","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Health and environmental effects of ultraviolet radiation: A summary of environmental health criteria 160, ultraviolet radiation","author":"World Health Organization Office of Global and Integrated Environmental Health","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198102000-00010"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Hazard evaluation of ultraviolet radiation emitted by arc welding and other processes","volume":"28","author":"Okuno T","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occupational Health J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(01)00023-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"2015 TLVs\u00ae and BEIs\u00ae","author":"The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Gigahertz\u2010Optik Manual 142014; 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