{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:41:44Z","timestamp":1760550104856},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,30]],"date-time":"2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Occupational Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To report the occurrence of an advanced case of indium lung disease with severely progressive emphysema in an indium\u2010exposed worker.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title><jats:p>A healthy 42\u2010year\u2010old male smoker was employed to primarily grind indium\u2010tin oxide (ITO) target plates, exposing him to indium for9 years (1998\u20102008). In 2004, an epidemiological study was conducted on indium\u2010exposed workers at the factory in which he worked. The subject'sserum indium concentration (In\u2010S) was 99.7 \u03bcg\/<jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>, while his serum Krebs von den Lungen\u20106 level was 2,350 U\/m<jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>. Pulmonary function tests showed forced vital capacity (FVC) of 4.17 <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic> (91.5% of the JRS predicted value), forced expiratory volumein 1 s (FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) of 3.19 <jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic> (80.8% of predicted), and an FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010to\u2010FVC ratio of 76.5%. A high\u2010resolution chest computed tomography (HRCT) scan showed mild interlobular septal thickening and mild emphysematous changes. In 2008, he was transferred from the ITO grinding workplace to an inspection work section, where indium concentrations in total dusts had a range of 0.001\u20100.002 mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. In 2009, the subject's In\u2010S had increased to 132.1 \u03bcg\/<jats:italic>l<\/jats:italic>, and pulmonary function tests revealed obstructive changes. In addition, HRCT scan showed clear evidence of progressive lung destruction with accompanying severe centrilobular emphysema and interlobular septal thickening in both lung fields. The subject's condition gradually worsened, and in 2015, he was registered with the Japan Organ Transplant Network for lung transplantation (LTx).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heavy indium exposure is a risk factor for emphysema, which can lead to a severity level that requires LTx as the final therapeutic option.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.16-0076-cs","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T22:04:48Z","timestamp":1470261888000},"page":"477-481","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["An advanced case of indium lung disease with progressive emphysema"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Makiko","family":"Nakano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine, Keio University Tokyo 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