{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T12:16:24Z","timestamp":1772626584220,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,30]],"date-time":"2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Occupational Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Occupational exposure to paraffin is an infrequent cause of lipoid pneumonia (LP) and related data are scare. We investigated the possible relationship between three rare cases of chronic LP and occupational exposure to paraffin aerosol in an iron foundry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The three cases of LP and their workplaces were investigated using data from field investigations, air monitoring, pulmonary radiological examinations, cell staining, and lung biopsies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patients had long\u2010term occupational exposure to paraffin. X\u2010ray diffraction testing revealed that the raw material from the workshop was paraffin crystal. The air concentrations of paraffin aerosol in workplaces were significantly higher than outdoor background levels. Small diffuse and miliary shadows with unclear edges were observed throughout the whole lungs via radiography. Computed tomography revealed diffuse punctate nodules and a high density of stripe\u2010like shadows in both lungs (ground\u2010glass opacity in a lower lobe, and a masslike lesion and high translucent area near the bottom of the lung). Lipid\u2010laden macrophages were found in the sputum and bronchial lavage. A broadened alveolar septum and local focal fibrosis were also discovered via lung biopsy. The inflammatory reaction in the lung tissues appeared to resolve over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These three rare cases of chronic LP in workers during molding and repair processes were associated with occupational paraffin aerosol exposure. Therefore, primary prevention is essential for molding or repairing workers in the iron foundry, and a differential diagnosis of occupational chronic LP (vs. pneumoconiosis) should be considered when treating these workers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.16-0096-cs","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T22:04:49Z","timestamp":1470261889000},"page":"482-488","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Investigation of rare chronic lipoid pneumonia associated with occupational exposure to paraffin aerosol"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Chenghong","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lishui Center for Disease Control and Prevention Lishui Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lihai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lishui Center for Disease Control and Prevention Lishui Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lishui Center for Disease Control and Prevention Lishui Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lishui Center for Disease Control and Prevention Lishui Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lishui Center for Disease Control and Prevention Lishui Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lishui Center for Disease Control and Prevention Lishui Zhejiang Province 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