{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:20:28Z","timestamp":1780496428269,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2414,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aims to determine (1) total dialkylphosphate (\u03a3DAP) levels, occupational knowledge and practice, DNA damage, AChE activity, and health symptoms in rice, corn, and double-crop farmers; (2) the association of health symptoms with \u03a3DAP levels, occupational knowledge and practice, DNA damage, and AChE activity in farmers; and (3) the prevalence of health symptoms between farmers and nonfarmers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted by interviewing as well as analyzing urine and blood samples during July to August 2014.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There were no differences in \u03a3DAP levels, AChE activity, and occupational knowledge and practice scores among all farmer groups. In terms of health symptoms related to \u03a3DAP, AChE activity, DNA damage, and occupational knowledge and practice, pesticide-related symptoms were determined, including breathlessness, chest pain, dry throat, numbness, muscle weakness, cramp, headache, dizziness, eye irritation, white\/red rash, and white\/red pimple, which were classified as respiratory, muscle, nervous, and epithelial symptoms. A remarkable finding was that farmers had a significantly higher prevalence of muscle weakness (odds ratio (OR)=3.79) and numbness (OR=3.45) as compared with non-farmers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings, therefore, suggest that a long-term lowlevel exposure to organophosphates (OPs) may be associated with an increasing prevalence of muscle symptoms. However, a further cohort study incorporating sensitive health outcomes and measurement of multiple pesticides monitoring on a larger scale is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.16-0107-oa","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T22:08:16Z","timestamp":1484086096000},"page":"165-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Association of health symptoms with low-level exposure to organophosphates, DNA damage, AChE activity, and occupational knowledge and practice among rice, corn, and double-crop farmers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Surat","family":"Hongsibsong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University , 110 Intavaroros Road, Sriphum Sub-district, Muang District, 50200 Chiang Mai, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nalin","family":"Sittitoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Health, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology , 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratana","family":"Sapbamrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Phayao , 19 Moo 2, Mae Ka Sub-district, Muang District, Phayao Province, 56000 Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024071807385366100_bib-1","volume-title":"Agricultural statistics of Thailand","author":"Office of Agricultural Economics","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024071807385366100_bib-2","volume-title":"Corn or maize, essential crop for millions of Thai farmers","author":"Hauser","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"2024071807385366100_bib-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00266-1","article-title":"The potential for toxic effects of chronic, low-dose exposure to organophosphates","volume":"120","author":"Ray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2024071807385366100_bib-4","first-page":"643","volume-title":"Casarett & Doull\u2019s Toxicology: The basic science of poisons. 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