{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:58:05Z","timestamp":1792180685160,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,23]],"date-time":"2003-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1066867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Occupational Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Alcohol Consumption, Serum gamma\u2010Glutamyltransferase Levels, and Coronary Risk Factors in a Middle\u2010Aged Occupational Population: Yuichi Yamada, <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa Medical University<\/jats:bold>\u2014The relationships between alcohol consumption, serum gamma\u2010glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels, and the prevalence of major coronary risk factors were analyzed crosssectionally in 2,399 male and 1,402 female middle\u2010aged workers, to clarify the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the development of the metabolic syndrome. Male moderate drinkers, consuming less than 60 ml of alcohol per day, had a lower prevalence of upper body obesity and low serum HDL\u2010cholesterolemia (LHDLC) in comparison with nondrinkers, but not of hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance or hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). In women, alcohol consumption did not show any significant associations with the coronary risk factors. Men with an elevated serum GGT (EGGT) of 40 U\/l or above had a significantly higher odds ratio for all the coronary risk factors as compared with those with normal GGT, even after adjusting for alcohol consumption, together with age, body mass index, cigarette consumption and physical activity. Women with an EGGT of 25 U\/l or above had similar findings, although significance was found only in HTG. Nearly 80% and 55% of the appearance of EGGT in men and women were attributable to alcohol consumption, and 20% and 10% of the male and female moderate drinkers had EGGT. These results suggest that even moderate alcohol consumption will increase coronary risk factors characteristic of the metabolic syndrome in drinkers who have an increase in serum GGT. Further studies are required to confirm the causal association between alcohol consumption, increase in serum GGT and development of the metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.45.293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,23]],"date-time":"2004-03-23T06:02:36Z","timestamp":1080021756000},"page":"293-299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Alcohol Consumption, Serum gamma\u2010Glutamyltransferase Levels, and Coronary Risk Factors in a Middle\u2010Aged Occupational Population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene Kanazawa Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Noborisaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene Kanazawa Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisa","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene Kanazawa Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Ishizaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene Kanazawa Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Matsushita Science Center of Industrial Hygiene Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.37.12.1595"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1989.00390070054005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.14.3.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.44.373"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(80)90060-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92032-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(85)90654-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6979.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6979.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115733"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7033.731"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000026224"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-61-5-941"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Alcohol decreases insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects","volume":"23","author":"Shah JH","year":"1988","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113428"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"648","article-title":"Acute effects of graded alcohol intake on glucose, insulin and free fatty acid levels in non\u2010insulin\u2010dependent diabetic subjects","volume":"47","author":"Christiansen C","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1979.40.896"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1985.46.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00168.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00723.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(01)00455-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"The practical guide: identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"New definition of obesity and diagnostic criteria for high\u2010risk obesity","volume":"6","author":"Matsuzawa Y","year":"2000","journal-title":"Himan Kenkyuu (Researches on Obesity)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000456328902600503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Effects of alcohol use and other health practices on blood chemistries and blood pressure","volume":"21","author":"Hillers VN","year":"1986","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(77)91531-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Abnormal serum gamma\u2010glutamyltranspeptidase in alcoholics. 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