{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:31:10Z","timestamp":1779114670689,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,20]],"date-time":"2011-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1303257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":50,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Occupational Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:bold>Two\u2010 and 13\u2010week Inhalation Toxicities of Indium\u2010tin Oxide and Indium Oxide in Rats: Kasuke Nagano, et al. Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association\u2014<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two\u2010 and 13\u2010week inhalation toxicities of indium\u2010tin oxide (ITO) and indium oxide (IO) were characterized for risk assessments of workers exposed to ITO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>F344 rats of both sexes were exposed by inhalation to ITO or IO aerosol for 6 h\/day, 5 day\/wk for 2 wk at 0, 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>or 13 wk at 0, 0.1or 1 mg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. An aerosol generator and inhalation exposure system was constructed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood and lung contents of indium were elevated in a dose\u2010related manner in the ITO\u2010 and IO\u2010exposed rats. ITO and IO particles were deposited in the lung, mediastinal lymph node and nasal\u2010associated lymphoid tissue. Exposures to ITO and IO induced alveolar proteinosis, iniltrations of alveolar macrophages and inlammatory cells and alveolar epithelial hyperplasia in addition to increased lung weight. ITO affected the lung more severely than IO did. Fibrosis of alveolar wall developed and some of these lesions worsened at the end of the 26\u2010week post\u2010exposure period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persistent pulmonary lesions including alveolar proteinosis and macrophage iniltration occurred after 2\u2010 and 13\u2010week inhalation exposures of rats to ITO and IO. Fibrosis of alveolar wall developed later. These lesions occurred after ITO exposure at the same concentration as the current occupational exposure limit in the USA and at blood indium levels below the biological exposure index in Japan for indium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.l10128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,11]],"date-time":"2011-01-11T05:20:22Z","timestamp":1294723222000},"page":"51-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Two\u2010 and 13\u2010week Inhalation Toxicities of Indium\u2010tin Oxide and Indium Oxide in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Kasuke","family":"Nagano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Gotoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Kasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigetoshi","family":"Aiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoshi","family":"Nishizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Ohnishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Ikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Eitaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health Research and Development Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health Research and Development Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heihachiro","family":"Arito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoji","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20041300"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.45.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200907-1022CR"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00020306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.029124"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"60","article-title":"Pulmonary disorders in indium\u2010processing workers","volume":"46","author":"Nogami H","year":"2008","journal-title":"J JPN Respir Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L9077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.44.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.L9097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1994.1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of indium phosphide (CAS No. 22398\u201080\u20107) in F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (Inhalation studies). 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