{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:27:09Z","timestamp":1782484029373,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Romanian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JGLD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Aims: Studies have suggested that smokers may have a higher risk of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) although the results have been inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to better characterize the risk of PBC among smokers by identifying all relevant studies and summarizing their results together. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using Embase and Pubmed\/MEDLINE databases from inception to September 2018 to identify all studies which compared the risk of PBC among current, ever and former smokers to non-smokers. Effect estimates from each study were extracted and combined together using the random-effect, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird. Results: Nine case-control studies with 21,577 participants met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The risk of PBC among ever smokers was significantly higher than non-smokers with the pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.31 (95% CI, 1.03-1.67; I 2 89%). Subgroup analysis found that the risk was higher in both former smokers (pooled OR 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01-1.84; I 2 75%) and current smokers (pooled OR 1.18; 95% CI, 0.94-1.50; I 2 79%), although the latter did not reach statistical significance. Immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effect of cigarettes were the possible mechanisms behind this increased risk. Conclusions: A significantly increased risk of PBC among individuals who ever smoked was observed in this study, adding to the already long list of harmful health consequences of smoking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T20:15:41Z","timestamp":1560197741000},"page":"197-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Association between Smoking and Risk of Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.15403","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Karn","family":"Wijarnpreecha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monia","family":"Werlang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panadeekarn","family":"Panjawatanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul T","family":"Kroner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Y","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surakit","family":"Pungpapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J","family":"Lukens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise M","family":"Harnois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patompong","family":"Ungprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6121","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"container-title":["Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jgld.ro\/jgld\/index.php\/jgld\/article\/download\/181\/121","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/jgld.ro\/jgld\/index.php\/jgld\/article\/download\/181\/121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T22:17:59Z","timestamp":1759789079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jgld.ro\/jgld\/index.php\/jgld\/article\/view\/181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15403\/jgld-181","relation":{},"ISSN":["1842-1121","1841-8724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1842-1121","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1841-8724","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}}}