{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T05:45:13Z","timestamp":1785390313967,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Romanian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JGLD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Aims: Previous epidemiological data on the association between cigarette smoking and risk of gallstone development remain controversial, and most relevant studies have relied on self-reported questionnaires. We aimed to elucidate this association using both an objective biomarker of tobacco exposure (urinary cotinine) and a self-reported questionnaire.\r\nMethods: We analyzed 221,721 asymptomatic adults who underwent abdominal ultrasonography and urinary cotinine measurement between January 2011 and December 2016. Cotinine-verified current smokers were defined as participants with urinary cotinine levels \u226550 ng\/mL.\r\nResults: The mean age of the study population was 35.9 years, and the proportion of men was 55.8%. The proportions of self-reported and cotinine-verified current smokers were 21.3% and 21.2%, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, self-reported current smoking was associated with an increased risk of gallstone development [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.14; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 1.04\u20131.25]. Moreover, among the current smokers, the risk of gallstone development increased with an increase in the amount of cigarette smoking (&lt;20 and \u226520 pack-years vs. never smoked; aOR=1.11 and 1.25; 95%CI: 1.01\u20131.22 and 1.07\u20131.45, respectively). Cotinine-verified current smoking was also associated with an increased risk of gallstone development (aOR=1.16; 95%CI: 1.07\u20131.25). Among the self-reported never or former smokers, the cotinine-verified current smokers (aOR=1.20; 95%CI: 1.01\u20131.44) showed a significantly higher risk of gallstones than cotinine-verified never smokers.\r\nConclusions: Cotinine-verified and self-reported current smoking were independent risk factors for gallstones, suggesting a distinct role of tobacco smoking in gallstone development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-5274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T01:01:51Z","timestamp":1711760511000},"page":"57-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Association Between Cotinine-Verified Smoking Status and Risk of Gallstones: A Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.15403","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Nam Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Joo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6121","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"container-title":["Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jgld.ro\/jgld\/index.php\/jgld\/article\/download\/5274\/2030","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jgld.ro\/jgld\/index.php\/jgld\/article\/download\/5274\/2030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T19:48:17Z","timestamp":1748634497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jgld.ro\/jgld\/index.php\/jgld\/article\/view\/5274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15403\/jgld-5274","relation":{},"ISSN":["1842-1121","1841-8724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1842-1121","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1841-8724","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]}}}