{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:54:24Z","timestamp":1793321664230,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The gastrointestinal tract comprises the largest surface area of the human body. This area is constantly exposed to myriad antigens as well as the large number of bacteria that coexist in the intestinal lumen. To protect against this exposure and help distinguish \u201cself\u201d from \u201cforeign,\u201d the intestinal tract has evolved a sophisticated barrier defense system that includes both innate and adaptive immune systems. However, infants who are born preterm do not have the benefit of an adequate immune response and, therefore, are more susceptible to bacterial injury, inflammation, and intestinal diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis. In this review, we discuss the components of innate immunity that help to protect the small intestine as well as current knowledge about the role of these components in the pathophysiology of necrotizing enterocolitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.12-9-e517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T20:11:39Z","timestamp":1314907899000},"page":"e517-e526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Innate Immunity in the Small Intestine of the Preterm Infant"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Steven J.","family":"McElroy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn-Hendrik","family":"Weitkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021121005004252100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32833dccf8","article-title":"Update on mucosal immunoglobulin A in gastrointestinal disease","volume":"26","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1975.tb03909.x","article-title":"Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins, lysozyme, and certain electrolytes in breast milk during the entire period of lactation, during a 24-hour period, and in milk from the individual mammary gland","volume":"64","author":"Peitersen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(99)00056-7","article-title":"Ontogeny of IgA(+) cells in lamina propria: effects of sympathectomy","volume":"24","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ariki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1941-6_92","article-title":"Development of mucosal humoral immune responses in germ-free (GF) mice","volume":"371A","author":"Shroff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/252418a0","article-title":"Presence of J chain in human immunocytes containing various immunoglobulin classes","volume":"252","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.05.001","article-title":"The biology of intestinal immunoglobulin A responses","volume":"28","author":"Cerutti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B7","first-page":"31","article-title":"Identification of FcalphaRI as an inhibitory receptor that controls inflammation: dual role of FcRgamma ITAM","volume":"22","author":"Pasquier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(02)00031-5","article-title":"Novel functions of the polymeric Ig receptor: well beyond transport of immunoglobulins","volume":"24","author":"Phalipon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C351","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1999.277.3.C351","article-title":"Innate mechanisms of epithelial host defense: spotlight on intestine","volume":"277","author":"Hecht","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1001","article-title":"The MUC3 gene encodes a transmembrane mucin and is alternatively spliced","volume":"261","author":"Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011379725811","article-title":"MUC1, the renaissance molecule","volume":"6","author":"Gendler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B12","first-page":"189","article-title":"Regulation of mucin expression: mechanistic aspects and implications for cancer and inflammatory diseases","volume":"1765","author":"Andrianifahanana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.4.519","article-title":"Mucin gene expression in human embryonic and fetal intestine","volume":"43","author":"Buisine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9254-9_15","article-title":"The structure and physiology of gastrointestinal mucus","volume":"144","author":"Allen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2150405","article-title":"Age-related changes in chemical composition and physical properties of mucus glycoproteins from rat small intestine","volume":"215","author":"Shub","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.315-337.2006","article-title":"The front line of enteric host defense against unwelcome intrusion of harmful microorganisms: mucins, antimicrobial peptides, and microbiota","volume":"19","author":"Li\u00e9vin-Le Moal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.57.030195.003101","article-title":"Signal transduction, packaging and secretion of mucins","volume":"57","author":"Forstner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B18","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor 1-dependent depletion of mucus in immature small intestine: a potential role in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","author":"McElroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.6.782","article-title":"Histochemistry of the surface mucous gel layer of the human colon","volume":"40","author":"Matsuo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13057","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011248200","article-title":"Transgenic MUC1 interacts with epidermal growth factor receptor and correlates with mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in the mouse mammary gland","volume":"276","author":"Schroeder","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20547","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.121319","article-title":"Muc1 cell surface mucin attenuates epithelial inflammation in response to a common mucosal pathogen","volume":"285","author":"Guang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1251","article-title":"Mucins in cancer: protection and control of the cell surface","volume":"4","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e32833dccde","article-title":"Paneth cells and innate mucosal immunity","volume":"26","author":"Ouellette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6143","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.6143-6146.2005","article-title":"Paneth cells and antibacterial host defense in neonatal small intestine","volume":"73","author":"Sherman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.12.004","article-title":"Innate immune defence in the human gastrointestinal tract","volume":"42","author":"Dommett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6718","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6718","article-title":"Expression and regulation of the human beta-defensins hBD-1 and hBD-2 in intestinal epithelium","volume":"163","author":"O'Neil","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B27","first-page":"714","article-title":"Lysozyme and lactoferrin in normal and inflammatory changes of the gastric mucosa [in German]","volume":"27","author":"Grosse Hulsewiesche","year":"1989","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.51.7.512","article-title":"Absence of lysozyme (muramidase) in the intestinal Paneth cells of newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis","volume":"51","author":"Coutinho","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.05.006","article-title":"New concepts of microbial translocation in the neonatal intestine: mechanisms and prevention","volume":"37","author":"Sherman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.4453","article-title":"TLR signaling in the gut in health and disease","volume":"174","author":"Abreu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2009.08.008","article-title":"The role of innate signaling in the homeostasis of tolerance and immunity in the intestine","volume":"300","author":"Wells","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"4","author":"Akira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e3283438dea","article-title":"Innate immunity in the small intestine","volume":"27","author":"Santaolalla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1055","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00328.2004","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 is required for intestinal response to epithelial injury and limiting bacterial translocation in a murine model of acute colitis","volume":"288","author":"Fukata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104911","article-title":"Nod2-dependent regulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the intestinal tract","volume":"307","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103685","article-title":"Nod2 mutation in Crohn's disease potentiates NF-kappaB activity and IL-1beta processing","volume":"307","author":"Maeda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2005.01.008","article-title":"Epithelial transport and barrier function in occludin-deficient mice","volume":"1669","author":"Schulzke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1054","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00055.2011","article-title":"Occludin regulates macromolecule flux across the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier","volume":"300","author":"Al-Sadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2006.02.006","article-title":"Claudins in occluding junctions of humans and flies","volume":"16","author":"Furuse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131404","article-title":"Claudins and epithelial paracellular transport","volume":"68","author":"Van Itallie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.13.2363","article-title":"Human junction adhesion molecule regulates tight junction resealing in epithelia","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.129.2.489","article-title":"In vivo analysis of cadherin function in the mouse intestinal epithelium: essential roles in adhesion, maintenance of differentiation, and regulation of programmed cell death","volume":"129","author":"Hermiston","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2007.10.006","article-title":"Innate immune functions of human gammadelta T cells","volume":"213","author":"Beetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.7.2873","article-title":"Extrathymic origin of human gamma delta T cells during fetal development","volume":"157","author":"McVay","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939222","article-title":"Neonates harbour highly active gammadelta T cells with selective impairments in preterm infants","volume":"39","author":"Gibbons","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9176-3","article-title":"Age-related variation of intraepithelial lymphocytes subsets in normal human duodenal mucosa","volume":"52","author":"Camarero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802705","article-title":"Reciprocal interactions between commensal bacteria and gamma delta intraepithelial lymphocytes during mucosal injury","volume":"182","author":"Ismail","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G109","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00331.2007","article-title":"Activated macrophages inhibit enterocyte gap junctions via the release of nitric oxide","volume":"294","author":"Anand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.09.043","article-title":"TGF-beta2 suppresses macrophage cytokine production and mucosal inflammatory responses in the developing intestine","volume":"140","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2800","article-title":"Innate IL-17-producing cells: the sentinels of the immune system","volume":"10","author":"Cua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6043","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.11.6043","article-title":"Inflammation in the developing human intestine: a possible pathophysiologic contribution to necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"97","author":"Nanthakumar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1633","article-title":"Adaptive immune cells temper initial innate responses","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020100","article-title":"The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases","volume":"347","author":"Bach","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812681106","article-title":"A dominant, coordinated T regulatory cell-IgA response to the intestinal microbiota","volume":"106","author":"Cong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4715","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-10-4051","article-title":"Ontogeny of CD4+CD25+ regulatory\/suppressor T cells in human fetuses","volume":"105","author":"Darrasse-Jeze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.2350\/08-09-0533.1","article-title":"Ontogeny of FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells in the postnatal human small intestinal and large intestinal lamina propria","volume":"12","author":"Weitkamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.013","article-title":"Mortality of necrotizing enterocolitis expressed by birth weight categories","volume":"44","author":"Fitzgibbons","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999639","article-title":"Factors associated with age of onset of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"6","author":"Covert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2008.01.004","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis: recent scientific advances in pathophysiology and prevention","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.04.002","article-title":"Paneth cells, defensins, and the commensal microbiota: a hypothesis on intimate interplay at the intestinal mucosa","volume":"19","author":"Salzman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001816","article-title":"Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth-weight neonates","volume":"3","author":"Foster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0676","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin and necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns with hemolytic disease","volume":"125","author":"Figueras-Aloy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G938","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00090.2006","article-title":"Intestinal barrier failure during experimental necrotizing enterocolitis: protective effect of EGF treatment","volume":"291","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G442","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00182.2009","article-title":"Changes in intestinal toll-like receptors and cytokines precede histological injury in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"297","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.5.3273","article-title":"The roles of bacteria and TLR4 in rat and murine models of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"177","author":"Jilling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.7.4808","article-title":"A critical role for TLR4 in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis by modulating intestinal injury and repair","volume":"179","author":"Leaphart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.05.038","article-title":"Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 inhibits toll-like receptor-4 signaling in the intestinal epithelium","volume":"139","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.09.045","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 inhibits enterocyte proliferation via impaired beta-catenin signaling in necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"138","author":"Sodhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.01.052","article-title":"Increased expression and function of integrins in enterocytes by endotoxin impairs epithelial restitution","volume":"128","author":"Qureshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000113463.70435.74","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial apoptosis initiates gross bowel necrosis in an experimental rat model of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"55","author":"Jilling","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e3180332ca5","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation alters proinflammatory gene expression and reduces the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model","volume":"61","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.636","article-title":"Reciprocal expression and signaling of TLR4 and TLR9 in the pathogenesis and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"182","author":"Gribar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2021121005004252100_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08617.x","article-title":"Selective compartmentalization of gammadelta-T lymphocytes in human breastmilk","volume":"86","author":"Lindstrand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"}],"container-title":["NeoReviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/neoreviews\/article-pdf\/12\/9\/e517\/816745\/zni0091100e517.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/neoreviews\/article-pdf\/12\/9\/e517\/816745\/zni0091100e517.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T21:54:26Z","timestamp":1712786066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/neoreviews\/article\/12\/9\/e517\/91392\/Innate-Immunity-in-the-Small-Intestine-of-the"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/neo.12-9-e517","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-9906"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-9906","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]}}}