{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T21:03:15Z","timestamp":1788469395232,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Identifying relative adrenal insufficiency in the critically ill preterm neonate is not always clear-cut. Preterm infants with vasopressor-resistant shock may have persistent cardiovascular insufficiency, which can result in rapid decompensation. After attempts of resuscitation with fluids and inotropes, these infants are often found to respond to glucocorticoids. This raises the important question of how prevalent adrenal insufficiency is in the preterm population. This article reviews the development and role of the adrenal glands, defines relative adrenal insufficiency in the preterm population, discusses barriers to determining this diagnosis, and describes treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.23-5-e328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T03:06:31Z","timestamp":1651374391000},"page":"e328-e334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relative Adrenal Insufficiency in the Preterm Infant"],"prefix":"10.1542","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Cristina E.","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"De Beritto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"417","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2022050103062027700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002198","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in children","volume":"21","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050103062027700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.09.002","article-title":"Hypotension and shock in the preterm infant","volume":"13","author":"Barrington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022050103062027700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101121","article-title":"Management of neonatal hypotension and shock","volume":"25","author":"Schwarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2022050103062027700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.24","article-title":"Relative adrenal insufficiency in the preterm and term infant","volume":"29","author":"Fernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022050103062027700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200204000-00004","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency and cardiac dysfunction in the preterm infant","volume":"51","author":"Watterberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2022050103062027700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416021-7.00007-9","article-title":"Adrenocortical development, maintenance, and disease","volume":"106","author":"Yates","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022050103062027700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2003.08.003","article-title":"Adrenocortical function and dysfunction in the fetus and neonate","volume":"9","author":"Watterberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol"},{"key":"2022050103062027700_B8","unstructured":"Thau\n              L\n            , GandhiJ, SharmaS. 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